https://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/57385013
December 30, 2020
Vaccination dry run
December 28, 2020
India's daily cases, deaths hit lowest level in half a year
https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ArticleView
December 01, 2020
Covid curfew's impact
https://epaper.tribuneindia.com/2908215/Haryana-Edition/HR-01-December-2020#clip/56706614/b11f6107-70a6-4452-9e42-e603fdffca8e/571.4285714285714:701.7549883990719
November 24, 2020
November 20, 2020
Oxford vaccine produces strong immunity even in older adults
https://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/56477694
Vaccine for general public in April-May if targets met
https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ArticleView
November 19, 2020
Vitamin D supplement helped Covid- 19 patients: PGI study
https://epaper.tribuneindia.com/2894702/Chandigarh-Tribune/CT-19-November-2020#clip/56447104/e9bd5112-3485-4ad4-8f68-488825090b05/610.6666666666666:900.9675324675325
November 16, 2020
For 9th consecutive day, below-50,000 fresh Covid cases reported 435 more fatalities push the death toll to 1, 30,070
India’s COVID-19 caseload mounted to 88,45,127 with 30,548 infections being reported in a
day while the number of people who have recuperated from the disease surged to 82,49,579,
according to data updated by the Union health ministry on Monday.
The coronavirus death toll climbed to 1,30,070 with 435 new fatalities, the data updated at 8
am showed.
The number of active cases remained below five lakh for the sixth consecutive day.
There are 4,65,478 active cases of coronavirus infection in the country as on date which
comprise 5.26 per cent of the total caseload, the data stated.
The total number of recoveries has surged to 82,49,579, pushing the national recovery rate to
93.27 per cent. The COVID-19 case fatality rate stands at 1.47 per cent.
India’s COVID-19 tally had crossed the 20-lakh mark on August 7, 30 lakh on August 23 and
40 lakh on September 5. It went past 50 lakh on September 16, 60 lakh on September 28, 70
lakh on October 11 and crossed 80 lakh on October 29.
According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), a total of 12,56,98,525 samples
have been tested up to November 15 with 8,61,706 being tested on Sunday.
The 435 new fatalities include 95 from Delhi, 60 from Maharashtra, 51 from West Bengal, 30
from Punjab, and 21 each from Karnataka and Kerala.
The total 1,30,070 deaths reported so far in the country include 45,974 from Maharashtra,
followed by 11,529 from Karnataka, 11,478 from Tamil Nadu, 7,661 from West Bengal, 7,614
from Delhi, 7,372 from Uttar Pradesh, 6,868 from Andhra Pradesh, 4,458 from Punjab and
3,803 from Gujarat.
The Health Ministry stressed that more than 70 per cent of the deaths occurred due to
comorbidities.
“Our figures are being reconciled with the Indian Council of Medical Research,” the Ministry
said on its website, adding that state-wise distribution of figures was subject to further
verification and reconciliation.
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/for-9th-consecutive-day-below-50-000-freshcovid-
cases-reported-171067
First batch of Sputnik V vaccine to arrive in Kanpur medical college
Human clinical trials of the vaccine to start from next week
The first batch of Russia's Sputnik V vaccine for COVID-19 is likely to reach Kanpur's Ganesh
Shankar Vidyarthi Medical College by next week wherein the vaccine's Phase 2 and Phase 3
human clinical trials will be conducted.
The decision to conduct the human clinical trials of the vaccine was taken after Dr Reddy's
Laboratories got approval from the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) in this regard,
an official said.
Speaking to PTI, college principal R B Kamal said the human clinical trials of the vaccine will
start from next week.
"As many as 180 volunteers have registered for the trials. Head of the research Saurabh
Agarwal will determine the dosage of the vaccine to be administered. One dose will be
administered and the condition of volunteers will be monitored to determine whether they need
further doses or not," he said.
Kamal said the volunteers' vitals and condition will be checked periodically and the data will
be analysed to determine whether the vaccine is a success or not.
He said the effect of the vaccine on the volunteers will be studied for seven months after the
same is administered once, twice or thrice within an interval of 21 days.
After observing the effects of the vaccine for a month, authorities will be apprised of the results
of the trial, and they will then make a decision accordingly.
The Ethics Committee of the college has also given permission for the trails, he said.
The vaccine has to be kept at a temperature of -20 to -70 degrees Celsius.
In September, Dr Reddy's and the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), Russia's sovereign
wealth fund, entered into a partnership to conduct clinical trials of Sputnik V vaccine and its
distribution in India.
As part of the partnership, RDIF shall supply 100 million doses of the vaccine to Dr Reddy's
upon regulatory approval in India.
On August 11, the Sputnik V vaccine was registered by the Ministry of Health of Russia and
became the world's first registered vaccine against COVID-19 based on the human adenoviral
vector platform.
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/first-batch-of-sputnik-v-vaccine-to-arrive-inkanpur-
medical-college-170672
J&J starts two-dose trial of its COVID-19 vaccine candidate
Rival drugmakers Pfizer and BioNtech said last week that their potential
COVID-19 shot showed more than 90%efficacy
The U.S. drugmaker plans to enrol up to 30,000 participants for the study. Reuters photo.
Johnson & Johnson launched a new large-scale late-stage trial on Monday to test a two-dose
regimen of its experimental COVID-19 vaccine and evaluate potential incremental benefits for
the duration of protection with a second dose.
The U.S. drugmaker plans to enrol up to 30,000 participants for the study and run it in parallel
with a one-dose trial with as many as 60,000 volunteers that began in September.
The UK arm of the study is aiming to recruit 6,000 participants and the rest will join from other
countries with a high incidence of COVID-19 cases such as the United States, Belgium,
Colombia, France, Germany, the Philippines, South Africa and Spain, it said.
They will be given the first dose of either a placebo or the experimental shot, currently called
Ad26COV2, followed by a second dose or placebo 57 days later, said Saul Faust, a professor
of paediatric immunology and infectious diseases who is co-leading the trial at University
Hospital Southampton.
The trial follows positive interim results from the company's ongoing early to mid-stage
clinical study that showed a single dose of its vaccine candidate induced a robust immune
response and was generally well-tolerated.
"The study will assess efficacy of the investigational vaccine after both the first and second
dose to evaluate protection against the virus and potential incremental benefits for duration of
protection with a second dose," J&J said in a statement.
Rival drugmakers Pfizer and BioNtech said last week that their potential COVID-19 shot
showed more than 90% efficacy in interim data from a late-stage trial, boosting hopes that
vaccines against the pandemic disease may be ready for use soon.
While the Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine uses a new technology known as messenger RNA, J&J's
uses a cold virus to deliver genetic material from the coronavirus into the body to prompt an
immune response.
The platform, called AdVac, is also used in an Ebola vaccine that was approved earlier this
year.
"It's really important that we pursue trials of many different vaccines from many different
manufacturers and be able then to ensure the supply both to the UK and global population,"
Faust told reporters at a briefing.
Recruitment into the study will complete inMarch 2021 and the trial will last for 12 months.
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/jj-starts-two-dose-trial-of-its-covid-19-vaccinecandidate-
171083
Steroid treatment should be reserved for sickest COVID-19 patients, say scientists
While dexamethasone and other steroids are prescribed to treat cytokine
storms, scientists say these drugs can backfire in patients whose immune
response is already suppressed.
Most adults with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 have a suppressed immune response against
the novel coronavirus rather than life-threatening hyper-inflammation, according to a study
which suggests steroids such as dexamethasone should be reserved for the sickest patients.
Scientists, including those from St Jude Children’s Research Hospital in the US, assessed the
levels of the immune system protein cytokines and other health markers in 168 adults with
COVID-19, 26 adults with flu and 16 healthy volunteers.
They said more than 90 per cent of the COVID-19 patients were hospitalised and about half in
the intensive care unit (ICU) while more than half of flu patients were admitted for treatment
and 35 per cent were in the ICU.
According to the research, published in the journal Science Advances, fewer than 5 per cent of
the COVID-19 patients, including some of the sickest individuals, had the life-threatening,
hyperinflammatory immune response known as the cytokine storm syndrome.
The researchers explained that cytokine storms develop when excess or abnormally regulated
levels of cytokine proteins in the body lead to hyperinflammation and tissue damage.
While dexamethasone and other steroids are prescribed to treat cytokine storms, they said these
drugs could backfire in patients whose immune response was already suppressed.
“We did identify a subset of COVID-19 patients with the broadly upregulated array of
cytokines. But, overall, the average person with COVID-19 had less inflammation than the
average person with flu,” said study co-author Paul Thomas from St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital.
Based on the findings, the scientists said treatment suppressing inflammation might only be
effective in a minority of patients with the hyperinflammatory profile.
They believe the need of the hour is a fast, reliable, and inexpensive test to measure cytokines
and identify patients who are most likely to benefit from dexamethasone treatment.
“Directing immunosuppressive therapies to the small subset of COVID-19 patients who have
an overactive immune response is the only way to know if these approaches are ultimately
helpful,” said Philip Mudd, another co-author of the study from the Washington University
School of Medicine in the US.
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/steroid-treatment-should-be-reserved-for-sickestcovid-
19-patients-say-scientists-170671
New compounds to potentially treat novel coronavirus identified'
They said the compounds can disrupt the SKI protein complex in the human body.
Researchers have discovered new drug compounds that target a protein which enables the novel
coronavirus and other viruses with the pandemic potential to replicate in human cells.
Researchers have discovered new drug compounds that target a protein which enables the novel
coronavirus and other viruses with the pandemic potential to replicate in human cells, an
advance that may lead to new therapeutics for COVID-19.
According to the researchers, including those from the University of Maryland in the US, these
compounds disrupt the functioning of a protein complex inside human cells that are critical for
the replication and survival of coronaviruses, including the one that causes COVID-19.
The scientists believe the findings, published in the journal PNAS, could lead to the
development of new broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that target viruses such as influenza, Ebola
and coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2.
They said the compounds can disrupt the SKI protein complex in the human body which
regulates various aspects of the functioning of a cell.
In the current study, the researchers discovered that this complex also plays a crucial role in
helping a virus replicate its genetic material, RNA, within the cells it infects.
"We determined that disrupting the SKI complex keeps the virus from copying itself, which
essentially destroys it," said study co-author Matthew Frieman from the University of
Maryland.
"We also identified compounds that targeted the SKI complex, not only inhibiting
coronaviruses but also influenza viruses and filoviruses, such as the one that causes Ebola,"
Frieman said.
Using computer modelling, the researchers identified a binding site on the SKI complex and
identified chemical compounds that could attach to this site.
From further experimental analysis, they showed that these compounds have antiviral activity
against coronaviruses, influenza viruses, and filoviruses such as Ebola.
"These findings present an important first step in identifying potential new antivirals that could
be used to treat a broad number of deadly infectious diseases," said study lead author Stuart
Weston, also from the University of Maryland.
Such drugs have the potential to treat infectious disease associated with future pandemics, the
scientists added.
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/new-compounds-to-potentially-treat-novelcoronavirus-
identified-170655
Radiology holds the key in detection of coronavirus
Contribution of radiologists has become more pronounced during pandemic
Radiology has assumed enormous significance in diagnosis and prognostication during the
COVID-19 pandemic and lakhs of people are slowly but surely becoming aware of HRCT
Scan, a diagnostic test conducted by the radiology department.
Although people seldom interact directly with the radiologists, the role that the latter plays
before COVID-19 is confirmed as well as during treatment post recovery is undeniable. Their
contribution has become more pronounced during the pandemic.
In case of emergency cases such as severe head injury in road accidents, surgeries are taken up
after assessment by radiologists using CT Scan or any other radiological investigations. When
a person enters a diagnosis room, they usually interact with radiographers or technologists, or
supporting staff. The radiographers conduct the process ofmaking a patient or a person undergo
the scanning procedure under guidance of the specialists.
“The radiographers or technologists send us images of CT Scan or MRI Scan and other
radiological investigation reports.We read the images and note down the observations. In case
of emergency cases, if a patient needs immediate surgery or other treatment, we immediately
call the surgeon or physician after going through the scanning images,” said Ravuri Power,
general secretary of Indian Radiological and Imaging Association-Telangana chapter. The
World Radiology Day was observed on November 8.
Immediate assessment
Usually, for immediate assessment, the radiology department is placed next to the emergency
or casualty ward of a hospital.
When COVID-19 cases started to increase in March and a few months thereafter, undergoing
tests was a challenge in the State. Private labs were allowed to conduct tests to detect presence
of the virus from mid-June. Until then, doctors in private hospitals heavily relied on High
Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) Scan reports to assess if a suspected patient had
the virus.
Apart from HRCT Scan, radiological investigations used for diagnosing COVID are chest
radiograph (X-Ray) and ultra sonography.
Dr Ravuri said that COVID has a specific Computed Tomography (CT) imaging finding which
helps them in accurate diagnosis of the infectious disease. “Hence, it is useful for excluding
other infections based on specific chest imaging findings. Besides, physicians manage
treatment protocols based on report from radiologists,” he said.
During the treatment too, CT scanning can detect Pulmonary Thrombo Embolism or Cerebral
Venous Thrombosis which are blood clots in major blood vessels of the lungs and brain
respectively. “These COVID-associated complications have high rate of morbidity and, at
times, mortality,” Dr Ravuri said.
https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/radiology-holds-the-key-in-detection-ofcoronavirus/
article33061659.ece
November 09, 2020
November 06, 2020
Smaller cough droplets may travel over 6 metres: study
These findings are also greatly dependent on the environmental conditions, such as wind
speed, humidity levels, and ambient air temperature
Scientists have analysed the dispersion of coughs using air flow simulation and found that
some smaller droplets, which are easily carried by the wind, travel up to 6.6 metres and even
further under dry air conditions.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led many researchers to study airborne droplet transmission in
different conditions and environments.
Scientists from A-STAR’s Institute of High Performance Computing in Singapore conducted
a numerical study on droplet dispersion using high fidelity air flow simulation.
The research, published in the journal Physics of Fluids, found that a single 100-micrometre
cough droplet under wind speed of 2 metres per second can travel up to 6.6 metres and even
further under dry air conditions due to droplet evaporation.
“In addition to wearing a mask, we found social distancing to be generally effective, as
droplet deposition is shown to be reduced on a person who is at least 1 meter from the
cough,” said study author Fong Yew Leong.
The researchers used computational tools to solve complex mathematical formulations
representing air flow and the airborne cough droplets around human bodies at various wind
speeds and when impacted by other environmental factors.
They also assessed the deposition profile on a person at a certain proximity. A typical cough
emits thousands of droplets across a wide size range. The scientists found large droplets
settled on the ground quickly due to gravity but could be projected 1 metre by the cough jet
even without wind.
Medium-sized droplets could evaporate into smaller droplets, which are lighter and more
easily borne by the wind, and these travelled further, they said.
The researchers offer a more detailed picture of droplet dispersion as they incorporated the
biological considerations of the virus, such as the non-volatile content in droplet evaporation,
into the modelling of the airborne dispersion of droplets.
“An evaporating droplet retains the non-volatile viral content, so the viral loading is
effectively increased,” said study author Hongying Li. “This means that evaporated droplets
that become aerosols are more susceptible to be inhaled deep into the lung, which causes
infection lower down the respiratory tract, than larger unevaporated droplets.”
These findings are also greatly dependent on the environmental conditions, such as wind
speed, humidity levels, and ambient air temperature, and based on assumptions made from
existing scientific literature on the viability of the COVID-19 virus, the researchers said.
The findings could be applied to designing environments that optimise comfort and safety,
such as hospital rooms that account for indoor airflow and airborne pathogen transmission.
https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/smaller-cough-droplets-may-travel-over-6-
metres-study/article33021701.ece?homepage=true
Artificial intelligence helps better predict mouth cancer risk
Oral cancer is often detected late which means that the patient survival rates are poor.
Artificial intelligence (AI) may help doctors better predict the risk of patients developing oral
cancer by ensuring accuracy, consistency and objectivity, according to researchers from the
University of Sheffield in the U.K.
The researchers are examining the use of AI and machine learning — the study of computer
algorithms that improve automatically through experience — to assist pathologists and
improve the early detection of oral cancer.
The rate of people being diagnosed with oral cancers including mouth, tongue, tonsil and
oropharyngeal cancer, has increased by almost 60% in the last 10 years, the researchers said
in a statement.
Evidence suggests tobacco and alcohol consumption, viruses, old age as well as not eating
enough fruit and vegetables can increase the risk of developing the disease, they said.
Oral cancer is often detected late which means that the patient survival rates are poor.
Currently, doctors must predict the likelihood of pre-cancerous changes, known as oral
epithelial dysplasia (OED), developing into cancer by assessing a patient’s biopsy on 15
different criteria to establish a score. This score then determines whether action is needed and
what treatment pathway should be taken. However, this score is subjective, which means
there are often huge variations in how patients with similar biopsy results are treated.
For example, one patient may be advised to undergo surgery and intensive treatment, while
another patient may be monitored for further changes.
The precise grading of OED is a huge diagnostic challenge, even for experienced
pathologists, as it is so subjective, said Dr. Ali Khurram, Senior Clinical Lecturer at the
University of Sheffield’s School of Clinical Dentistry.
“At the moment, a biopsy may be graded differently by different pathologists. The same
pathologist may even grade the same biopsy differently on a different day, Khurram noted.
He said correct grading is vital in early oral cancer detection to inform treatment decisions,
enabling a surgeon to determine whether a lesion should be monitored or surgically removed.
“Machine learning and AI can aid tissue diagnostics by removing subjectivity, using
automation and quantification to guide diagnosis and treatment,” Khurram said. “Until now
this hasn’t been investigated, but AI has the potential to revolutionise oral cancer diagnosis
and management by ensuring accuracy, consistency and objectivity.”
Samples of archived OED tissue samples with at least five years of follow up data will be
used in order to train AI algorithms and learn the statistical correlations between certain
classifiers and survival rates. These algorithms will aid pathologists in their assessment of
biopsies helping them to make a more informed and unbiased decision about the grading of
the cells and the patient’s treatment pathway.
The proposed algorithms have a strong translational angle and a potential to be rapidly
deployed as an aid to clinical and diagnostic practice worldwide.
“People often feel threatened by AI, however rather than replacing a doctor’s expertise,
exceptionally high-level of training and experience, the technology can help to assist their
decision-making and compliment their skills,” said Khurram. “This will help them to give a
more accurate assessment and enable them to recommend the most beneficial treatment
pathway for individual patients which we hope will help to improve survival rates.”
According to Professor Nasir Rajpoot, from the University of Warwick in the U.K., the pilot
project will pave the way towards the development of a tool that can help identify premalignant
changes in oral dysplasia, which is crucial for the early detection of oral cancer.
“Successful completion of this project carries significant potential for saving lives and
improving patient healthcare provision, said Rajpoot, one of the researchers.
https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/artificial-intelligence-helps-better-predict-mouthcancer-
risk/article33028342.ece?homepage=true
November 05, 2020
Scientists identify COVID-19 patients who recover quickly, sustain antibodies
Five of the individuals were hospitalised but all others recovered at home,
the study noted.
Scientists identify COVID-19 patients who recover quickly, sustain antibodies
Researchers have found that a subset of COVID-19 patients who recover faster have a
persistent antibody response against the novel coronavirus, an advance which sheds more light
on the functioning of the immune system and may aid in the development of vaccines against
the disease.
The scientists, including those from Brigham and Women's Hospital in the US, examined
patients who had recovered from mild to moderate COVID-19 and found that while antibodies
against the virus declined in most people over time, some individuals sustained their production
several months following infection.
According to the researchers, previous studies had provided conflicting accounts about whether
people recovering quickly from the viral infection can sustain potentially-protective antibodies
or not.
The results of the current study, published in the journal Cell, noted that these antibody
"sustainers" had a shorter course of symptoms, suggesting that some individuals who recover
from COVID-19 faster may be mounting a more effective and durable immune response to the
virus.
"We've found a subset of individuals that heal quickly while sustaining virus-specific antibody
levels after COVID-19," said Duane Wesemann, a co-author of the study from Brigham and
Women's Hospital.
In the research, the scientists recruited and enrolled 92 people in the Boston area in the US who
had recovered from COVID-19 between March and June of 2020.
Five of the individuals were hospitalised but all others recovered at home, the study noted.
The researchers collected and analysed blood samples monthly, measuring a range of
antibodies, including immunoglobulin-G (IgG), against the novel coronavirus.
They split the cohort into two groups -- those that sustain virus-specific IgG levels over several
weeks, and those that lose them -- and analysed these groups and potential connections they
had to the clinical data.
The study found that IgG levels against the virus tended to decline substantially in most
individuals over the course of three to four months.
However, the antibody production remained stable or enhanced in about 20 per cent of
individuals over the same time period.
According to the scientists, these "sustainers" had symptoms for a significantly shorter period
of time compared to "decayers"—average of 10 days versus 16 days.
They said the sustainers also had differences in memory T cell populations and B cells—two
types of immune cells that can play a key role in immune memory and protection.
"The data point to a type of immune response that's not only adept at handling viral disease by
leading to a swift resolution of symptoms, but also better at producing cells that can commit to
longer term production of anti-virus IgG antibodies," Wesemann said.
"Figuring out how these individuals are able to support longer-term antibody production is
relevant to COVID-19, and will also have important implications for our understanding of the
immune system in general," he added.
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/scientists-identify-covid-19-patients-who-recoverquickly-
sustain-antibodies-165913
COVID-19 lung damage caused by persistence of 'abnormal cells', say scientist
The research also showed the long-term persistence of the viral genome in
respiratory cells and in cells lining the blood vessels, along with the infected
cell syncytia.
COVID-19 lung damage caused by persistence of 'abnormal cells', say scientists
Photo for representation only. Source: iStock.
Scientists have analysed organ samples from deceased COVID-19 patients and found extensive
lung damage in most cases caused by the persistence of abnormal "fused cells," an advance
which sheds more light on the progression of the disease.
The researchers, including those from King's College London in the UK, examined lung, heart,
liver, and kidney samples of 41 patients who died of COVID-19 to examine the behaviour of
the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
In the study, published in the journal eBioMedicine, they revealed the unique characteristics of
the virus that may explain why some patients experience disease symptoms for months --
known as 'long COVID'—with a feeling of fatigue and lack of breath.
The findings show extensive lung damage in most cases, with patients experiencing profound
disruption of the normal lung structure and the transformation of respiratory tissue into fibrotic
material.
According to the scientists, nearly 90 per cent of the patients showed additional characteristics
that were quite unique to COVID-19 compared to other forms of pneumonia.
They said there was extensive blood clotting of the lung arteries and veins, and several lung
cells were abnormally large with many nuclei, resulting from the fusion of different cells into
single large cells.
The researchers noted that this formation of fused cells—syncytia—is due to the viral spike
protein, which the virus uses to enter the cell.
When the protein is present on the surface of cells infected by the COVID-19 virus, the study
noted that it stimulates their fusion with other normal lung cells, which can be a cause for
inflammation and thrombosis.
The research also showed the long-term persistence of the viral genome in respiratory cells and
in cells lining the blood vessels, along with the infected cell syncytia.
According to the researchers, the presence of these infected cells can cause the major structural
changes observed in lungs, which can persist for several weeks or months, and could eventually
explain 'long COVID'.
"The findings indicate that COVID-19 is not simply a disease caused by the death of virusinfected
cells but is likely the consequence of these abnormal cells persisting for long periods
inside the lungs," said Mauro Giacca, a co-author of the study from King's College London
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/covid-19-lung-damage-caused-by-persistence-ofabnormal-
cells-say-scientists-165949
Oxford COVID-19 vaccine results due next month, raising hopes of 2021 rollout
Unclear if vaccine will be rolled out before Christmas
UK expects Oxford, Pfizer data in early December
The University of Oxford hopes to present late-stage trial results on its COVID-19 vaccine
candidate this year, raising hopes that Britain could start to roll out a successful vaccine in late
December or early 2021.
A vaccine that works is seen as a game-changer in the battle against the coronavirus, which has
killed more than 1.2 million people worldwide, shuttered swathes of the global economy and
turned normal life upside down for billions of people.
"I'm optimistic that we could reach that point before the end of this year," Oxford Vaccine Trial
Chief Investigator Andrew Pollard told British lawmakers of presenting trial results this year.
Pollard said working out whether or not the vaccine worked would likely come this year, after
which the data would have to be carefully reviewed by regulators and then a political decision
made on who should get the vaccine.
"Our bit - we are getting closer to but we are not there yet," Pollard, director of the Oxford
Vaccine Group, said.
Asked if he expected the vaccine would start to be deployed before Christmas, he said: "There
is a small chance of that being possible but I just don't know."
The Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is expected to be one of the first from big pharma to be
submitted for regulatory approval, along with Pfizer and BioNTech's candidate.
"If I put on my rose-tinted specs, I would hope that we will see positive interim data from both
Oxford and from Pfizer/BioNTech in early December and if we get that then I think we have
got the possibility of deploying by the year end," Kate Bingham, the chair of the UK Vaccine
Taskforce, told lawmakers.
Prime Minister Boris Johnson said there was the prospect of a vaccine in the first quarter of
2021.
‘Game changer’
Work began on the Oxford vaccine in January. Called AZD1222, or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, the
viral vector vaccine is made from a weakened version of a common cold virus that causes
infections in chimpanzees.
The chimpanzee cold virus has been genetically changed to include the genetic sequence of the
so-called spike protein which the coronavirus uses to gain entry to human cells. The hope is
that the human body will then attack the novel coronavirus if it sees it again.
If Oxford's vaccine works, it would eventually allow the world to return to some measure of
normality after the tumult of the pandemic.
Asked what success looked like, he said: "I think good is having vaccines that have significant
efficacy - so whether, I mean, that is 50, 60, 70, 80 per cent, whatever the figure is - is an
enormous achievement.
"It means from a health system point of view, there are fewer people with COVID going into
hospital, that people who develop cancer can have their operations of chemotherapy – it’s a
complete game changer and a success if we meet those efficacy end points."
But Pollard, one of the world's top experts on immunology, said the world might not return to
normal immediately.
"...It takes time to roll out vaccines. Not everyone will take them," he said. "We will still have
people getting this virus because it is just too good at transmitting.
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/oxford-covid-19-vaccine-results-due-next-monthraising-
hopes-of-2021-rollout-165957
October 29, 2020
Scientists find brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients
They said some of the EEG alterations found in COVID-19 patients may indicate damage to the brain that might not be repaired after recovering from the disease Scientists find brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients An analysis of more than 80 studies reporting complications experienced by COVID-19 patients has revealed that about one-third of them have abnormalities in the frontal lobe of the brain, findings which shed light on the neurological symptoms of the disease. The review of studies, published in Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy, focused on abnormalities detected using electroencephalogram (EEG) scans, which are used to evaluate the electrical activity in the brain. "We found more than 600 patients that were affected in this way. Before, when we saw this in small groups we weren't sure if this was just a coincidence, but now we can confidently say there is a connection," said Zulfi Haneef, assistant professor of neurology at Baylor College of Medicine in the US. The scientists explained that patients are recommended an EEG test when they have a slowed reaction to stimuli, followed by seizure-like events, speech issues, confusion, or an inability to wake up after sedation. From the review of studies, the researchers said the most common findings from the EEG were slowing or abnormal electrical discharge, mostly in the frontal lobe of the patients. They said some of the EEG alterations found in COVID-19 patients may indicate damage to the brain that might not be repaired after recovering from the disease. Since the brain cannot regenerate, Haneef cautioned that any damage to the organ will more than likely be permanent. "We know that the most likely entry point for the virus is the nose, so there seems to be a connection between the part of the brain that is located directly next to that entry point," he said. "Another interesting observation was that the average age of those affected was 61, one-third were female and two-thirds were males. This suggests that brain involvement in COVID-19 could be more common in older males," Haneef added. However, the scientists believe more studies are needed to validate the conclusions drawn in the review research. According to Haneef, the virus may not be directly causing the abnormal EEG readings in the brain. He said alterations in oxygen intake, heart problems related to COVID-19, or other side effects may also be involved. "These findings tell us that we need to try EEG on a wider range of patients, as well as other types of brain imaging, such as MRI or CT scans, that will give us a closer look at the frontal lobe," Haneef said. "A lot of people think they will get the illness, get well and everything will go back to normal, but these findings tell us that there might be long-term issues, which is something we have suspected and now we are finding more evidence to back that up," he added.
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/scientists-find-brain-abnormalities-in-covid-19- patients-162346
High intake of vitamins A, E and D linked to fewer respiratory issues
Nutrition has key role in cutting the risk of several infections High intake of vitamins A, E and D linked to fewer respiratory issues Photo for representational purpose only. one of Indian-origin, have found that high intake of vitamins A, E, and D may be linked to fewer respiratory complaints in adults. Nutrition has a key role in cutting the risk of several infections, although exactly how it boosts immunity is complex and not fully understood, the study, published in the journal the BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, reported. "Micronutrient deficiencies are often overlooked as a key contributor to the burden of malnutrition and poor health, presenting an additional layer of challenge during the Covid-19 pandemic," said study author Sumantra Ray from Imperial College London in the UK. The researchers wanted to explore whether the intake of these vitamins from both diet and supplements might be linked to the prevalence of respiratory complaints in a nationally representative sample of UK adults. They drew on information provided by 6,115 adult participants in the 2008-2016 National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (NDNS RP) who had completed three or more days of diet diaries. Respiratory complaints were reported by the participants and had not been diagnosed by a clinician. They were broadly defined, and included both infectious and non-infectious conditions, such as colds, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. The researchers looked at dietary intake only and that from diet and supplements, accounting for potentially influential factors, such as age, sex, weight (BMI), smoking, household income and total energy intake. In all, there were 33 cases of respiratory complaints. These respondents were generally older and less likely to say they regularly took vitamins A, E, C or D supplements. There was no obvious association between BMI and vitamin intake, or between BMI and respiratory complaints. But vitamin A and E intake from both diet and supplements was associated with a lower prevalence of respiratory complaints in UK adults. And vitamin D intake from supplements, but not from diet, was associated with fewer respiratory complaints, prompting the researchers to suggest that the findings add to the current scientific debate on the value of vitamin D supplementation. "Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that supplementation is critical to ensuring adequate vitamin D status is maintained and potentially indicate that intake of vitamin D from diet alone cannot help maintain adequate vitamin D status," the authors wrote.
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/high-intake-of-vitamins-a-e-and-d-linked-tofewer-respiratory-issues-162347
October 28, 2020
High-fat keto diets can prevent, reverse heart failure: Study
Heart problems? A special diet might help as researchers have found that the popular and
controversial ketogenic diet could completely prevent, or even reverse heart failure caused by
a metabolic process.
For the findings, published in the journal Nature Metabolism, the research team looked at a
metabolic process that seems to be turned down in failing human hearts.
"In an animal model, drastic heart failure in mice was bypassed by switching to high fat or
"ketogenic" diets, which could completely prevent, or even reverse the heart failure," said study
author Kyle S McCommis from the Saint Louis University in the US.
"Thus, these studies suggest that consumption of higher fat and lower carbohydrate diets may
be a nutritional therapeutic intervention to treat heart failure," McCommis added.
According to the researchers, the heart's myocardium requires vast amounts of chemical energy
stored in nutrients to fuel cardiac contraction.
To maintain this high metabolic capacity, the heart is flexible and can adapt to altered metabolic
fuel supplies during diverse developmental, nutritional, or physiologic conditions.
Impaired flexibility, however, is associated with cardiac dysfunction in conditions including
diabetes and heart failure.
The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex, composed of MPC1 and MPC2, is
required for pyruvate import into the mitochondria.
This study demonstrated that MPC expression is decreased in failing human and mouse hearts,
and that genetic deletion of the MPC in mice leads to cardiac remodelling and dysfunction.
"Interestingly, this heart failure can be prevented or even reversed by providing a high-fat, low
carbohydrate ketogenic diet," McCommis said.
"A 24-hour fast in mice, which is also ketogenic also provided significant improvement in heart
remodelling," McCommis added.
The findings showed that diets with higher fat content, but enough carbohydrates to limit
ketosis also significantly improved heart failure in mice lacking cardiac MPC expression.
"Our study highlights the potential of dietary interventions to enhance cardiac fat metabolism
to prevent or reverse cardiac dysfunction and remodelling in the setting of MPC-deficiency,"
the authors wrote.
Source: https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/high-fat-keto-diets-can-prevent-reverse-heart-
failure-study-161837
Startup develops hand-held oral cancer screening tool
Device to used for screening, detection and biopsy guidance of oral cancer
Startup develops hand-held oral cancer screening tool
OralScan, an indigenously developed hand-held imaging device for screening, detection and
biopsy guidance of oral cancer, has been developed by a startup here.
OralScan, an indigenously developed hand-held imaging device for screening, detection and
biopsy guidance of oral cancer, has been developed by a startup here.
The startup, M/s Sascan Meditech Pvt Ltd, which was incubated at TiMED, the Technology
Business Incubator of the city-based Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences &
Technology, is launching the device, a press release said.
Oral Scan, a Make-in-India initiative with seed funding from the National Initiative for
Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI) scheme of the Department of Science &
Technology (DST), Government of India, was designed and developed entirely in India and
supported by Biotechnology ignition grant of Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance
Council (BIRAC), INVENT (DST) and Kerala Startup Mission.
The company recently received investment from Unicorn India Ventures.
State Health Minister K K Shailaja, will launch OralScan at a function here on Wednesday.
An online event kickstarting the product sales and distribution network will also be held in the
presence of dignitaries, oncologists and channel partners identified across the country.
Dr Asha Kishore, Director, SCTIMST will perform the first sale to Ketan Parmar, Innovative
India, Surat.
According to Dr Subhash Narayanan, CEO of Sascan, oral cancer is a growing concern in India
with more than 80,000 fresh cases reported each year.
The disease has a high mortality rate due to the delay in detection.
Current practice relies on oral examinations using torchlight to detect early-stage cancers of
the oral cavity.
Various studies have demonstrated that this screening technique is not very reliable and often
oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs) go undetected in the early stages, the release said.
Even experienced clinicians find it difficult to locate the optimal site for a biopsy based on
conventional oral examination.
This leads to multiple biopsies, increased expenditure and false-negative reports which can
delay diagnosis and outcome.
Proprietary software in the device assists the surgeon in taking a biopsy from the most
appropriate site which is likely to confirm the diagnosis of malignancy.
This will avoid multiple biopsies and false-negative reports.
The device will be marketed for Rs 5.9 lakh.
This will be a one-time investment for hospitals and laboratories without any additional costs
of consumables.
Source: https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/startup-develops-hand-held-oral-cancer-screening-
tool-161831
Covid-19: What you need to know today
I wrote: “So, bored, tired, lonely perhaps, and physically, mentally,
and emotionally weary, we let things slip. And the virus wins.”
There’s a term for this, pandemic fatigue, and as the second wave roils Europe, and the third
the US, everyone is talking about it.
“Pandemic fatigue is real — and it’s spreading.” That’s in Tuesday’s Wall Street Journal. “Sick
of Covid-19? Here’s why you might have pandemic fatigue.” That’s in the conversation.com
from October 23. “As the Coronavirus surges, a new culprit emerges: Pandemic fatigue.”
That’s from October 17’s New York Times.
And on Monday, World Health Organization (WHO) director general Tedros Adhanom
Ghebreyesus spoke of pandemic fatigue. “Working from home, children being schooled
remotely, not being able to celebrate milestones with friends and family or not being there to
mourn loved ones — it’s tough and the fatigue is real,” he said.
The problem has become serious enough for WHO to, earlier in October, release a document
titled “Pandemic fatigue: Reinvigorating the public to prevent Covid-19”. In the document,
WHO actually defined pandemic fatigue.
“Pandemic fatigue is... demotivation to follow recommended protective behaviours, emerging
gradually over time and affected by a number of emotions, experiences and perceptions,” the
document said.
It “is expressed through an increasing number of people not sufficiently following
recommendations and restrictions, decreasing their effort to keep themselves informed about
the pandemic, and having lower risk perceptions related to Covid-19,” the document added.
It would be alright if Covid fatigue involved merely how people feel; unfortunately, this also
extends to how people behave, and it is behaviour that puts them and others at risk. Still worse,
because their behaviour is directly correlated with a rise in infections, governments may be
forced to react by imposing restrictions on movement and activities, even a partial lockdown
(most countries are very averse to going down the total or hard lockdown path again). And
when this happens, a population that is already in the grip of pandemic fatigue is unlikely to
listen. That’s happening in Europe and the US, and it is happening in India too.
So, what should governments and administrators do? As WHO’s DG put it on Monday: “We
cannot give up... Leaders must balance the disruption to lives and livelihoods with the need to
protect health workers and health systems as intensive care fills up.”
Enforcement may not work in all cases and may end up being counterproductive.
The problem will be familiar to behavioral economists, though. In 2012, Niranjan
Rajadhyaksha, then Mint’s executive editor, wrote an article titled “How behavioural science
can reduce deaths on railway tracks”.
In the article, Rajadhyaksha detailed how Final Mile Consulting, a firm headed by Biju
Dominic that used behavioural economics, cognitive neurology and anthropology to shape
people’s behaviour, did this in one part of Mumbai – “The Final Mile team hung around the
most lethal crossings for several weeks, melting into the crowd,” says Dominic, “like method
actors living the character.”
“They quickly noticed that the people crossing the tracks were overconfident, one of the biases
that behavioural scientists say are hard-wired into our brains, the same bias that ensures that
equity analysts overestimate corporate earnings or cigarette smokers refuse to believe they can
be struck down by cancer” Rajadhyaksha wrote.
It’s the same overconfidence that makes people believe that they are unlikely to contract Covid-
19, or assume that they are safe because most people who do get infected are either
asymptomatic or experience only mild symptoms.
I won’t tell you how Final Mile solved the rail crossing problem. You can read about it yourself
by scanning the QR code with this column.
The WHO document actually has some interesting pointers for administrators on how to “allow
people to live their lives, but reduce the risk” — for it is the disruption to their lives that is
perhaps the biggest contributor to pandemic fatigue. This involves: differentiating “between
lower-risk and higher-risk activities”; guidelines on carrying “on with life while reducing the
risk of transmission”; proactively planning for “end-of-the-year celebrations”; avoid cancelling
all cultural events and find “creative solutions” to host them; and “avoid judgment and blame.”
It’s always toughest to protect people from themselves.
Source: https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ArticleView
October 27, 2020
Study shows how exercise stalls cancer growth through immune system
A recent study suggested that people with cancer who exercise generally have a better
prognosis than inactive patients. Now, scientists explain 'Why?'
The study is published in the journal eLife.
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have found a likely explanation of why exercise
helps slow down cancer growth in mice. Physical activity changes the metabolism of the
immune system's cytotoxic T cells and thereby improves their ability to attack cancer cells.
"The biology behind the positive effects of exercise can provide new insights into how the body
maintains health as well as help us design and improve treatments against cancer," said Randall
Johnson, professor at the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, and
the study's corresponding author.
Prior research has shown that physical activity can prevent the health condition as well as
improve the prognosis of several diseases including various forms of cancer. Exactly how
exercise exerts its protective effects against cancer is, however, still unknown, especially when
it comes to the biological mechanisms. One plausible explanation is that physical activity
activates the immune system and thereby bolsters the body's ability to prevent and inhibit
cancer growth.
In this study, researchers expanded on this hypothesis by examining how the immune system's
cytotoxic T cells, that is white blood cells specialized in killing cancer cells, respond to
exercise.
They divided mice with cancer into two groups and let one group exercise regularly in a
spinning wheel while the other remained inactive. The result showed that cancer growth slowed
and mortality decreased in the trained animals compared with the untrained.
Next, the researchers examined the importance of cytotoxic T cells by injecting antibodies that
remove these T cells in both trained and untrained mice. The antibodies knocked out the
positive effect of exercise on both cancer growth and survival, which according to the
researchers demonstrates the significance of these T cells for exercise-induced suppression of
cancer.
The researchers also transferred cytotoxic T cells from trained to untrained mice with tumours,
which improved their prospects compared with those who got cells from untrained animals.
To examine how exercise influenced cancer growth, the researchers isolated T cells, blood and
tissue samples after training sessions and measured levels of common metabolites that are
produced in muscle and excreted into plasma at high levels during exertion. Some of these
metabolites, such as lactate, altered the metabolism of the T cells and increased their activity.
The researchers also found that T cells isolated from an exercised animal showed an altered
metabolism compared to T cells from resting animals.
In addition, the researchers examined how these metabolites change in response to exercise in
humans. They took blood samples from eight healthy men after 30 minutes of intense cycling
and noticed that the same training-induced metabolites were released in humans.
"Our research shows that exercise affects the production of several molecules and metabolites
that activate cancer-fighting immune cells and thereby inhibit cancer growth," said Helene
Rundqvist, senior researcher at the Department of Laboratory Medicine at the Institutet, and
the study's first author. "We hope these results may contribute to a deeper understanding of
how our lifestyle impacts our immune system and inform the development of new
immunotherapies against cancer."
Source: https://www.newkerala.com/news/2020/188243.htm
Covid-19: What you need to know today
I skipped four instalments of this column because I decided to take a short break—part birding
trip, part R&R, but all safe, masked, and socially distanced. It involved driving through rural
and semi-urban Uttar Pradesh, where no one appears to be wearing masks (and there is no
social distancing), and Uttarakhand, where most people sport them, and there is some
adherence to social distancing norms.
That India’s largest state has managed to keep its Covid-19 numbers where they are (470,270
cases till the evening of October 25; 6,882 deaths; a mere 2,032 cases on October 25 itself; and
only 27,317 active cases) despite a dependence on rapid antigen tests (which are unreliable)
and lax enforcement of both mask discipline and social distancing is truly impressive — and
also surprising.
Uttarakhand, at least the part I went to, wasn’t crowded. The state insists that all inbound
tourists register themselves, and there was a check at the point of entry to ensure this. A test
isn’t required, although I did take a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
one a few days before I travelled (it was negative). According to the HT dashboard (which is
also the source of the Uttar Pradesh numbers), Uttarakhand saw 221 cases on October 25, has
seen 60,376 in all, and has had 993 deaths. That means it has fewer than 5,000 active cases.
To digress, it felt good to get out of Delhi after nearly eight months. I think, when this is all
over (which must be one of the most commonly used phrases these days), it will take me some
time to get used to not wearing masks; it felt strange to walk even on jungle trails without a
mask despite there being no one else around.
The sense of normalcy in both Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand isn’t surprising given their
current caseloads. India itself has just around 650,000 active cases at this point. And on Sunday,
India registered a mere 46,011 cases, half the number of cases it was registering per day in the
third week of September. The last time it registered such numbers was in late July. As Dispatch
176 on October 7 first pointed out, the first wave of the coronavirus disease in India is over. It
lasted roughly seven months.
There’s no telling how long the lull will last, and how low the daily case numbers could go.
Yet, based on what’s happening in Europe — Dispatch 155, on September 11, referred to the
emergence of the second wave in Europe that is now raging through that continent — and the
US (the same column mentioned the likelihood of a third wave in the US), the respite will
likely be temporary. And based on the trajectory of the second and third waves in the US and
the second in Europe, there is a high probability that the intensity of the second wave in India
will be stronger than the first. The second wave in Europe is following the same trend seen in
the second wave in the US: it is leading to fewer deaths, and it will be interesting to see if the
number of deaths in the ongoing third wave in the US is lower even than that seen in the second.
Still, lower deaths haven’t meant fewer hospitalisations. Hospitals in many European countries
have been overwhelmed by the sheer number of people needing treatment for Covid-19, and
the same thing is beginning to happen in several US states.
Part of the reason for the higher intensity of subsequent waves of the coronavirus disease is
obvious — they coincide with progressive easing of restrictions on movement and activities,
often encouraging people, usually the young, to indulge in irresponsible behaviour. In many
European countries, the median age of people infected in the second wave is lower than that in
the first.
The result isn’t just a spike in infection numbers but severe illnesses, and may be even deaths
in vulnerable populations. Research by Paraic Kenny of the Gundersen Medical Foundation,
Wisconsin, and others, published on pre-print server medRxiv and reported in Nature, shows a
strong correlation between the reopening of in-person education in colleges in one of the state’s
counties and an increase in coronavirus disease infections, with one of the strains (the
researchers carried out a genomic investigation) spreading to old-age homes where it infected
eight and killed two.
Source: https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ArticleView
Oxford COVID-19 vaccine trials produce robust immune response in elderly, reports Financial Times.
The findings echo data released in July which showed the vaccine generated ‘robust immune
responses’ in a group of healthy adults aged between 18 and 55
Oxford COVID-19 vaccine trials produce robust immune response in elderly, reports Financial
The COVID-19 vaccine being developed by the University of Oxford and AstraZeneca Plc
produces a robust immune response in elderly people, the group at highest risk, the Financial
Times has said on Monday, citing early results.
The vaccine triggers protective antibodies and T-cells in older age groups, the Financial Times
said, citing two people familiar with the finding, encouraging researchers as they seek evidence
that it will spare those in later life from serious illness or death from the virus.
Details of the finding are expected to be published shortly in a clinical journal, the Financial
Times said, without naming the publication.
The findings echo data released in July, which showed the vaccine generated “robust immune
responses” in a group of healthy adults aged between 18 and 55, the newspaper reported, citing
people aware of the results from so-called immunogenicity blood tests.
But the Financial Times cautioned that positive immunogenicity tests did not guarantee that
the vaccine would ultimately prove safe and effective in older people.
AstraZeneca, which is developing the vaccine with Oxford University researchers, is seen as a
frontrunner in the race to produce a vaccine to protect against COVID-19.
Oxford and AstraZeneca did not immediately respond to Reuters’ request for comments.
One of the world’s leading coronavirus vaccine candidates, called AZD1222 or ChAdOx1
nCoV-19, was developed by Oxford University scientists and licensed to AstraZeneca in April,
which took on the task of scaling trials and production.
AstraZeneca resumed the US trial of the experimental vaccine after approval by US regulators,
the company said on Friday.
It is a viral vector vaccine that uses a weakened version of a chimpanzee common cold virus
that encodes instructions for making proteins from the novel coronavirus to build immunity
against COVID-19.
Source: https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/oxford-covid-19-vaccine-trials-produce-robustimmune-response-in-elderly-reports-financial-times-161354
Indian, Pakistani women diagnosed with more aggressive breast cancer at younger age: Study
Indian, Pakistani women diagnosed with more aggressive breast cancer at younger age: Study
Research also has shown poor mammogram screening rates in Indian and Pakistani women
Indian and Pakistani women are diagnosed with breast cancer, including more aggressive
forms, at a younger age, according to a study that provides an insight into understanding the
risk factors influencing the disease.
The study, published in the International Journal of Cancer, examined the characteristics of
breast cancer among Indian and Pakistani-American and non-Hispanic white women in the US
using data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results
Program.
Both, Indian and Pakistani women are diagnosed with more aggressive forms of the disease, at
a younger age, according to the researchers.
The researchers, who are part of the Rutgers School of Public Health and Rutgers Cancer
Institute of New Jersey, reviewed incidence data among Indian and Pakistani women between
1990 and 2014.
"Our results provide an insight into breast cancer in Indian and Pakistani women, suggesting
several hypotheses to guide future scientific studies to better understand the risk factors
influencing disease aetiology and prognosis," said Jaya M Satagopan, lead author and director
of the Center for South Asian Quantitative Health and Education at the Rutgers School of
Public Health.
South Asians are the fastest-growing major ethnic group in the United States with breast cancer
rates increasing within the population, but little is known about the disease in this socioculturally
unique population, according to the study.
The researchers also reviewed the disease characteristics, treatment and survival data between
2000 and 2016 for 4,900 Indian and Pakistani women and 482,250 non-Hispanic white women
with breast cancer.
They found that the occurrence of breast cancer in Indian and Pakistani women was lower than
in non-Hispanic white women, however, the number of Indian and Pakistani women diagnosed
with breast cancer increased over the years.
Indian and Pakistani women with breast cancer were more likely to be diagnosed at a younger
age and more advanced stages of the disease. Besides, they received more subcutaneous or
total mastectomies than non-Hispanic white women, it said.
While the researchers found that Indian and Pakistani women were less likely to die of breast
cancer than their non-Hispanic white counterparts, their health was tracked for a shorter time.
Prior cancer research has shown that fewer Indian and Pakistani women participate in scientific
studies and that several socio-cultural factors may delay their seeking health care.
Research also has shown poor mammogram screening rates in Indian and Pakistani women,
which is linked to a lack of family support, lack of transportation, modesty, fear, beliefs that
cancer is divine punishment for past deeds, having lived in the United States for less than 10
years, low English proficiency and a lack of faith in the health system.
"Our study indicated that there are important differences in this population that justify further
studies to better understand biological, sociocultural, and system-level factors such as
interactions with the health system, affecting breast cancer screening patterns, diagnosis, risk
and survival among South Asian women, given the paucity of literature on this topic,” said the
study's senior author Elisa V Bandera, co-leader of the Cancer Prevention and Control Research
Program at Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and professor at Rutgers Robert Wood
Johnson Medical School.
The study recommends identifying strategies to better engage Indian and Pakistani women in
breast cancer studies and to improve interactions between health care providers and Indian and
Pakistani women to identify socio-cultural factors associated with screening decisions and
health care use in this population.
"As the South Asian population in the United States—and especially in New Jersey—grows,
it is imperative that we work to promote health equity in cancer prevention, screening, early
diagnosis and treatment through community engagement and a team science approach," said
Anita Kinney, director of the Center for Cancer Health Equity at Rutgers School of Public
Health and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and professor at the Rutgers School of
Public Health, who is also one of the study's authors.
Source: https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/indian-pakistani-women-diagnosed-with-moreaggressive-breast-cancer-at-younger-age-study-161390
Ban on public events can bring down COVID-19 transmission rate by 24 per cent: Lancet study
Pupils at Martin-Buber-Oberschule secondary school wear protective masks against the spread
of the coronavirus disease as school resumes following the autumn holidays in Berlin on
October 26, 2020.
Ban on public events can bring down the COVID-19 reproduction number ‘R’ number—a key
measure of virus transmission—by 24 per cent in less than a month, according to a modelling
study published in The Lancet journal.
An R value above 1 indicates a growing outbreak, whereas an R value below 1 indicates a
shrinking outbreak.
The research using data from 131 countries suggests that individual measures, including
closure of schools and workplaces, ban on public events and gatherings of more than 10 people,
requirements to stay at home, and internal movement limits, are associated with a reduction in
transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
However, combined measures are more effective at reducing transmission, the researchers said.
“We found that combining different measures showed the greatest effect on reducing the
transmission of COVID-19. As we experience a resurgence of the virus, policymakers will
need to consider combinations of measures to reduce the R number,” said Professor Harish
Nair from the University of Edinburgh, UK.
“Our study can inform decisions on which measures to introduce or lift, and when to expect to
see their effects, but this will also depend on the local context—the R number at any given
time, the local healthcare capacity, and the social and economic impact of measures,” Nair said.
When looking at the measures individually, a ban on public events was associated with the
greatest reduction in R -- 24 per cent reduction after 28 days—which the researchers suggest
may be because they are likely to prevent super spreader events and it was often the first
measure to be introduced in countries.
The measures most strongly associated with an increase in R were lifting bans on gatherings
of more than ten people and re-opening of schools, according to the researchers.
Although reopening schools was associated with a 24 per cent increase in the R by day 28, the
researchers caution that they were unable to account for different precautions some countries
implemented for reopening schools, for example limiting class sizes, distancing measure,
routine deep cleaning, personal handwashing, face masks, and thermal temperature checks on
arrival.
They said these are essential for safer school reopening and should be taken into account when
interpreting this finding.
“We found an increase in R after reopening schools but is not clear whether the increase is
attributable to specific age groups, where there may be substantial differences in adherence to
social distancing measures within and outside classrooms,” Nair added.
“Furthermore, more data are needed to understand the specific role of schools in increased
SARS-CoV-2 transmission through robust contact tracing,” he said.
The study, however, does not account for other potentially influential factors that have an
impact on R—including, among other things, compliance with the interventions, changes in
population behaviour, sub-national differences in R, or the effects of contact tracing and
isolation – all of which vary by context.
Using the R number as a proxy for transmission also has limitations, as it is difficult to estimate
accurately, particularly when prevalence is low, the researchers said.
In this modelling study, data on daily country-level estimates of R were linked with data on
what measures those countries had in place from January 1, 2020 to July 20, 2020.
The timeline of each country was divided into individual phases when all measures remained
the same in that country.
The analysis included 790 phases from 131 countries and the authors used a model to measure
the association between which measures were in place and changes in the R.
Source: https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/ban-on-public-events-can-bring-down-covid-19-
transmission-rate-by-24-per-cent-lancet-study-161419
Air pollution may hinder India’s fight against COVID-19, say scientists
Increase in 1 microgram per cubic metre in PM 2.5 associated with an 8 pc rise in COVID-19
death rate: Study
Air pollution may hinder India’s fight against COVID-19, say scientists
A pollution and Covid mascot launched in New Delhi. Tribune photo: Mukesh Aggarwal
The causal link between air pollution and COVID-19 cases is yet to be established conclusively
but long-term exposure will certainly make people more vulnerable to lung infections, warn
scientists as the skies over large parts of north India, including Delhi, turn smoky and the air
quality deteriorates rapidly.
Their concerns come amid several global studies pointing to the possible connection between
higher air pollution levels and increased COVID-19 cases and deaths.
A study by researchers at Harvard University in the US in September showed that an increase
of only 1 microgram per cubic metre in PM 2.5 is associated with an 8 per cent increase in the
COVID-19 death rate.
“Given the current limited literature, the surge of PM2.5 level in Delhi may be associated with
increased COVID-19 cases... Although the literature is relatively sparse at this stage,” Xiao
Wu, corresponding author of the Harvard study, told PTI.
He said the relationship between long-term air pollution and COVID-19 has been documented
in many studies, which indicate that adverse health impacts of air pollution can make people
prone to the infection or exacerbate the severity of COVID-19 symptoms once infected.
This is interesting, especially considering COVID-19 causes viral pneumonia and acute
respiratory distress syndrome, and severe inflammation to the heart and circulatory system, the
scientist said.
Another study by the University of Cambridge in April found an association between living in
an area of England with high levels of air pollution and the severity of COVID-19, caused by
the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
“Based on our findings, I would expect to see an association between higher levels of air
pollution in India and COVID-19 in the winter, similar with what we found in England,” said
Marco Travaglio, corresponding author of the Cambridge study.
“If the levels of air pollution have been consistently above the legal limits for several months
or years before this coming winter, I would expect to see a relationship between those levels
and COVID-19 burden across different parts of India in November and thereafter,” Travaglio
told PTI.
He noted that a key component of PM2.5 toxicity is its composition which may vary
considerably between countries.
“Nonetheless, the WHO legal limits for PM2.5 are currently set at 10 μg/m³ (microgrammes
per cubic metre) annual mean. Levels beyond 500 μg/m³ are extremely high and may have
considerable impact on people’s health in relation to COVID-19 but also beyond it,” said
Travalgo.
The level of small particulate matter (PM2.5) levels in Delhi have averaged around 180-340
μg/m³ in the past few weeks while that of bigger pollution particles (PM10) has hovered
between 120 and 450 during the time.
Long-term exposure to chronically high PM2.5 levels weakens the ability of the lungs to fend
off infections, therefore making people more susceptible to COVID-19, the scientists said.
In addition, studies from Italy have shown that traces of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, the genetic
material of the virus, can be found on pollution particles, meaning that increased air pollution
may act as a vehicle to increase COVID-19 transmission in highly polluted places.
The air quality in north India is expected to deteriorate further from November to February due
to several factors such as stubble burning, festive fireworks and low wind speed conditions
which lead to an uptick in vehicular and industrial pollution being trapped in the lower
atmosphere.
“In view of this evidence, high levels of PM2.5 in Delhi may lead to a higher number of
COVID-19 cases,” Travalgo added.
Studies in humans have shown that toxic air particles can penetrate airways and cause
widespread infiltration of lung cells.
This chronic state of inflammation may induce or aggravate health conditions such as asthma,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, experts said.
Because these conditions have been widely found to be associated with increased risk of
contracting COVID-19 or incurring into critical illness, it is likely that air pollution acts as a
risk factor to increase the susceptibility to COVID-19.
India has the world’s second-highest caseload of over 7.9 million and the third-highest death
toll with more than 115,000 from the novel coronavirus.
The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) has warned that Delhi is likely to report
around 15,000 COVID-19 cases daily in winter because of the prevalence of respiratory
illnesses during this season that worsen the symptoms of the disease. On Sunday, the national
capital recorded 4,136 fresh COVID-19 cases, the highest single-day spike in 38 days.
D J Christopher, head of pulmonary medicine at the Christian Medical College in Tamil Nadu,
noted that the increased severe form of COVID-19 among patients would lead to increased
ICU hospitalisations, thereby increasing the burden of the healthcare system.
“The lung is the gateway to the body and takes the first impact from inhaled pollutants. It causes
an inflammatory response which damages the lung and makes it more susceptible to
infections,” Christopher told PTI.
‘Let us hope the numbers are not so high. There is a chance of hospital beds getting filled and
shortage of ICU beds,” he added.
Prof Rajneesh Bhardwaj concurred, saying there is growing scientific evidence that airborne
respiratory droplets carrying the virus travel and contaminate the air after an infected person
coughs. He added that pollutionmay help this airborne droplet to remain suspended for a longer
time and may increase the spread of COVID-19.
“PM2.5 are finer particles which remain suspended in the air for a long time and hence droplet
or viral particles can cling on to these particles to increase the risk. They may increase the
number of cases as pollution increases especiallywith large PM2.5 levels,” Bhardwaj, associate
professor at the Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, told PTI.
He said the government should make contingent plans to deal with an expected large number
of cases and warned that any healthcare system can be overwhelmed by a larger number of
cases.
According to pulmonologist Anurag Agarwal, however, the relation between air pollution and
COVID-19 cases is very complex. While in general high air pollution increases risk of
respiratory infections, it is difficult to say much more, he said.
“Studies finding more infections and deaths in areas with high pollution have tried to
statistically adjust for higher population density in polluted cities. Such adjusted correlations
are interesting but do not represent proof,” Agarwal, director of the CSIR Institute of Genomics
and Integrative Biology, told PTI.
“Nevertheless, it is clear that air pollution is bad for health and COVID-19 is more dangerous
in unhealthy people. So the message is clear - we must take steps to reduce air pollution for
many reasons,” he added.
Source : https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/air-pollution-may-hinder-indias-fight-againstcovid-
19-say-scientists-161422
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