Study suggests rodents likely origin of the Omicron variant

Previous study had suggested that Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 virus may have been transmitted from an animal species to humans

The Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus may have originated from rodents, according to scientists.

The scientists are investigating the means through which SARS-CoV-2 contracted so many mutations in the pandemic’s second year and suggest that reverse zoonosis, circulation in rodent population and subsequent spread as a zoonosis, probably led to the evolution and emergence of the Omicron VOC.

The researchers from Christian Medical College, Vellore, and other Indian institutes have proposed their theory in a paper published in the journal Current Science for the likely origin of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19.

In this paper, they began by putting forth two hypotheses for the likely origin of the Omicron variant - first, mutations accumulating in an immune-compromised individual with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection, and second, infection by reverse zoonosis in an animal species, enzootic transmission in that species with adaptive mutations, and eventual transmission as zoonosis, back to human subjects.

The researchers said that while both are possible, the latter seemed to be more likely.

They ruled out the first hypothesis on the basis of a UK report according to which over the duration of 7-9 months when the infection persisted in three HIV-positive persons, only 2-3 new mutations were detected in the RBD region of the spike protein of the Alpha variant.

They said that, therefore, it was unlikely for the RBD region to have acquired close to 15 mutations in less than two years in a single immune-compromised human host with chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further, they said that this could not explain the simultaneous appearance of several sub-variants.

For the second hypothesis, the researchers said there were several pieces of evidence in support of it.

They took the support of Chinese research which had reported with evidence that rodents were the animal hosts.

Further, in this paper, the researchers said that there was evidence of the molecular clock theory appearing to break down during inter-species transmission and adaptation in a new host species. Molecular clock theory states that DNA and protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively constant over time and among different organisms. This, therefore, could address how SARS-CoV-2 acquired mutations faster in another animal than the slow pace observed in humans.

Regarding the number of mutations on the spike protein gene, they said in their paper that reverse zoonosis and enzootic transmission had been investigated in white-tailed deer in North America, with the enzootic virus found to be highly divergent with nine mutations on the spike protein gene. The most likely ancestor, they said, the human virus variant was Beta VOC.

Further, they said that a research in Finland had found that mice are readily infected by intranasal inoculation and also efficiently transmit the virus horizontally to cage mates. This, they said, indicated the potential for enzootic spread in rodents and also hinted at the possibility of the Southern African rodents to have been infected by the Beta VOC.

The researchers then said that reverse zoonosis with SARS-CoV-2 infection had occurred in this hamster colony in the Netherlands, followed by hamster-to-hamster spread and subsequently zoonotic spread from them to human subjects, suggesting it could have happened in the case of Omicron as well.

However, the researchers said that while there was enough evidence for reverse zoonosis and enzootic transmission of the virus, the question of how rodents could get infected in the first place remained unanswered.

In answer to this, they suggested rodent-human contacts in African low-income households to have facilitated virus transmission.

Suggesting air-borne transmission from man-to-mouse or from mouse-to-man in areas with high rodent density, the researchers said that in mid and low-income countries, in towns and villages, rats and house mice live in close proximity to human habitations. In lepromatous leprosy, prevalent in the region with total loss of touch and pain sensations, fingers and toes are vulnerable to rodent bites while sleeping, explaining recurrent ulcers and loss of tissue. Rat bites are known to transmit bacterial and virus infections to humans. House mice are nocturnal animals, and they do run around on floors; in many households, people sleep on mats on the floor, they said.

All this genetic and ecological circumstantial evidence prompted the researchers, they said, to propose reverse zoonosis, circulation in rodent population and subsequent spread as a zoonosis in human subjects as the most probable theory of the evolution and emergence of Omicron VOC.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/study-suggests-rodents-likely-origin-of-the-omicron-variant-501192

Fatty liver disease and its types and how the symptoms differ

Fatty liver disease is a modern-day pandemic and a major non-communicable health problem akin to coronary artery disease. Fatty liver (steatosis) is excessive fat accumulation in liver cells and is a common condition.

Dr Vinit Shah, Senior Consultant, Hepatology (Liver Transplantation medicine and Liver diseases) Ruby hall clinic, Pune Maharashtra says, “It is a spectrum where in there may be simple fat deposition in liver (fatty liver/ steatosis) to fat causing injury to liver cells and inflammation in the liver ((Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) (NASH) to liver Fibrosis (scarring of liver cells due to repeated fat related injury).”

“Extreme end of the spectrum is Liver cirrhosis (irreversible liver scarring) leading to liver cell failure, increased liver pressure (portal hypertension), and liver cancers,” he added.

There are 2 types of fatty liver mainly:

Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Dr. Shah explains, “Alcoholic fatty liver disease is caused due to excessive consumption of alcohol. The liver's function is to break down the alcohol that is consumed so that it can be removed from your system. This process can generate harmful substances which may result in damaging your liver cells, causing inflammation and making your body weak. Hence the more you drink the more it damages your liver.”

Loss of appetite

Drowsiness

Vomiting blood

Blood in your stools

Diarrhea

What is non-alcoholic alcoholic fatty liver?

According to Dr. Shah, “Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver is a steatosis that is not caused by consumption of alcohol but by the buildup of excess fat in the liver. There are two types of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease namely Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFL) and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH).”

Symptoms of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease include:

Weight Loss

Fatigue and weakness

Abdomen pain in the top right.

Who is at risk of NAFLD?

“People who are obese or have high blood pressure are at higher risk of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Patients with high cholesterol have a greater chance of developing NAFLD. People addicted to smoking are at an added risk,” says Dr. Shah.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/fatty-liver-disease-and-its-types-and-how-the-symptoms-differ/photostory/99786381.cms

Guaifenesin, Indian cough syrup, found to have contaminants: WHO

Guaifenesin TG syrup, manufactured by QP Pharmachem Ltd, a Punjab based pharma company, has compounds toxic to human health, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has said.

"Samples of the GUAIFENESIN SYRUP TG SYRUP from the Marshall Islands were analysed by quality control laboratories of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia. The analysis found that the product contained unacceptable amounts of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol as contaminants," an official statement from the WHO says.

The WHO says the batch of contaminated syrups were identified in the Marshall Islands and Micronesia.

The said syrup is given to relieve chest congestion and cough symptoms.

The marketer of the syrup is Haryana based Trillium Pharma. "To date, neither the stated manufacturer nor the marketer have provided guarantees to WHO on the safety and quality of these products," the UN health agency says.

AstraZeneca COVID vaccine held responsible for man’s death due to rare blood clot syndrome, wife to sue vaccine maker: Report

Diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol are toxic to humans and can sometimes have fatal effects. Consuming these compounds can cause several complications like abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, inability to pass urine, headache, altered mental state and acute kidney injury which may lead to death.

"We did not send these bottles to the Pacific region, and they were not certified for use there. We don't know under what circumstances and conditions these bottles reached the Marshall Islands and Micronesia," Sudhir Pathak, managing director of QP Pharmachem, told the BBC.

Earlier several Indian pharmaceutical companies were under scanner for substandard quality. In October 2022, WHO had tracked Indian made cough syrup made by Maiden Pharmaceuticals that had claimed lives of 66 children in The Gambia and Uzbekistan.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/guaifenesin-indian-cough-syrup-found-to-have-toxic-compounds-who/articleshow/99779275.cms

Life after lung cancer: All you need to know if you're a cancer survivor

Lung cancer is a global health concern, being the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In India, lung cancer accounts for 5.9% of all cancers and is responsible for 8.1% of all cancer-related deaths, making it a significant health challenge in the country. Notably, smoking is a prevalent risk factor for lung cancer, with nearly 80% of patients having a history of smoking. The considerable burden of lung cancer in India is mostly due to the high smoking prevalence in that nation.

It is essential to raise awareness about the significant advances made in medical technology and treatments for lung cancer over the years, which have strengthened the prospects of living a fulfilling life after a lung cancer diagnosis.

Here is a brief guide to help people understand about life after lung cancer:

Dr. Ashok K.Rajput, Consultant – Pulmonology & Sleep Medicine, CK Birla Hospital, Delhi says, “Survivorship is a term used to describe life after cancer treatment. Survivors of lung cancer face unique challenges, including dealing with the physical and emotional effects of cancer, such as fatigue, pain, anxiety, and depression. Survivorship care plans are essential to help survivors manage these challenges and maintain their physical and emotional well-being.”

Follow-up care:

Regular follow-up care is critical for lung cancer survivors to detect any recurrence of cancer early. Your doctor will develop a follow-up care plan that may include regular checkups, imaging tests, and blood tests. It's essential to keep up with your follow-up care plan and communicate with your healthcare team about any symptoms or concerns.

Healthy lifestyle:

“A healthy lifestyle is crucial for lung cancer survivors. Quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, and engaging in regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of recurrence and improve overall health. Your healthcare team can provide guidance on developing a healthy lifestyle that works for you,” according to Dr. Rajput.

Mental health:

Lung cancer survivors may experience anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues. It's essential to seek help and support to manage these issues. Support groups, counseling, and other resources are available to help lung cancer survivors cope with the emotional and mental challenges of survivorship.

Palliative care:

According to Dr. Rajput, “Palliative care is specialized medical care that focuses on improving the quality of life for people with serious illnesses, such as cancer. Palliative care can help manage symptoms, such as pain and shortness of breath, and provide emotional and spiritual support. Palliative care can be provided alongside curative treatments and can continue even after treatment ends.

Life after lung cancer can be challenging, but it's essential to stay positive and focus on living a healthy and fulfilling life. By taking care of oneself and seeking support when needed, one can live a full and rewarding life after lung cancer.”

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/life-after-lung-cancer-all-you-need-to-know-if-youre-a-cancer-survivor/photostory/99765562.cms?picid=99765588

Two-component material designed to halt internal bleeding: Study

These materials, which mimic the way that the body naturally forms clots, could offer a way to keep people with severe internal injuries alive until they can reach a hospital, the researchers said

Scientists in the US have designed a two-component material that can be injected into the body and help form blood clots at the sites of internal injury.

The study, published in the journal Advanced Healthcare Materials, showed that these components—a nanoparticle and a polymer—performed significantly better in a mouse model of internal injury than hemostatic nanoparticles that were developed earlier.

“What was especially remarkable about these results was the level of recovery from severe injury we saw in the animal studies. By introducing two complementary systems in sequence it is possible to get a much stronger clot,” said Paula Hammond, professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US, and one of the senior authors of a paper on the study.

Unlike previously developed hemostatic systems, the new technology mimics the actions of both platelets—the cells that initiate blood clotting—and fibrinogen, a protein that helps forms clots.

“The idea of using two components allows selective gelation of the hemostatic system as the concentration is enhanced in the wound, mimicking the end effect of the natural clotting cascade,” said Bradley Olsen, a professor at MIT and a senior author of the study.

When internal injuries occur, platelets are attracted to the site and initiate the blood clotting cascade, which eventually forms a sticky plug of platelets and clotting proteins, including fibrinogen.

However, if patients are losing a lot of blood, they don’t have enough platelets or fibrinogen to form clots, the researchers said.

The MIT team wanted to create an artificial system that could help save people’s lives by replacing both of those clotting components, they said.

To achieve that, the researchers created a system with two types of materials: a nanoparticle that recruits platelets and a polymer that mimics fibrinogen. For the platelet-recruiting particles, the researchers used particles similar to those they reported in a 2022 study.

These particles are made of a biocompatible polymer called PEG-PLGA, which are functionalised with a peptide called GRGDS that allows them to bind to activated platelets, the researchers said.

Because platelets are drawn to the site of an injury, these particles also tend to accumulate at injury sites, they said.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/two-component-material-designed-to-halt-internal-bleeding-study-501209

Cabinet approves medical devices policy to help sector grow to USD 50 billion in next 5 years

Policy aims to place medical devices sector on an accelerated path of growth with a patient-centric approach to meet the evolving healthcare needs of patients

The Union Cabinet on Wednesday approved National Medical Devices Policy 2023 to promote domestic manufacturing and help the sunrise sector grow from the present USD 11 billion to USD 50 billion in the next five years and reduce import dependence.

The policy focuses on six strategies to tap the potential of the sector with the ‘implementation of action plan’.

Briefing media after the Cabinet meeting, Union Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya said there has been a rising demand for medical devices in India, and so, there is a need to promote domestic manufacturing.

The minister also said that in the globalised world there would also be imports, but the aim of the National Medical Devices Policy 2023 is to meet the maximum requirements from locally manufactured products.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/cabinet-approves-medical-devices-policy-to-help-sector-grow-to-usd-50-billion-in-next-5-years-501244

Beware of Acute Kidney Diseases if you were infected with Malaria

Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases across the globe and one of the most momentous tasks faced by public health systems in most developing countries. According to the latest World Malaria report, by the World Health Organization (WHO) there were 247 million cases of malaria in 2021 as compared to 245 million cases in 2020. The increase in the number of cases is not only troubling but also alarming. While some cases show mild symptoms, some could end in an individual’s death. The same study also revealed that the estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 6,19,000 in 2021.

Having said that, in grave conditions, malaria could also lead to multi-organ dysfunction. Although not related to the type of malaria acquired, the disease can cause overall discomfort to the body and organs in the lungs, kidneys, and brain. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a known complication of malaria and could occur in around 40% of patients with severe disease. AKI caused due to malaria damages the kidneys leading to immune dysregulation and subsequent inflammation alongside other major physical and mental discomforts.

So, what leads to the complication of developing AKI in a malaria-infected individual? Firstly, AKI in severe malaria is caused by acute tubular necrosis and is defined by a rise in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output. In adults with severe malaria, AKI develops in up to 40% of patients, whereas in children, the incidence is historically reported at approximately 10%.

New study finds THESE two dietary habits mostly drive diabetes cases worldwide

At the onset, symptoms may be mild ranging from lower haemoglobin, higher WBC count, lower platelets, elevated ESR, total and direct bilirubin, AST, ALP, lower serum sodium, and higher serum potassium and can progress to severe symptoms like anaemia, diarrhoea, jaundice and acute kidney injury. Secondly, the symptoms vary from individual to individual as does the severity of the condition. Seeking professional medical help and tests can help contain and reduce the infection and help the individual revert to the ideal state of being.

Looking at the growing incidence of Malaria and its impact on the kidneys, the most important step in case of these complications is finding knowledgeable nephrologists, because such situations need to be tackled extremely carefully. Malaria can cause slow functioning of kidneys leading to the buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems and individuals can require hemodialysis. Individuals who suffer from kidney issues and get malaria are prone to spleen rupture as a complication. It could also lead to anaemia.

That being said, it is also undeniable that there exists a health literacy gap in India which needs to be bridged, more importantly, AKI caused due to Malaria. Although Malaria is common, its complications however are not. These complications are life-threatening in cases and need to be brought to the attention which can help with early diagnosis and regular screening in the vulnerable population.

As we move into a fast-paced world it is important to prioritize one’s health by having regular check-ups to check for any minor irregularities (if any) and take precautions accordingly. These tests also draw attention to any complications that might lead to chronic illnesses.

Kidney disease remains a huge burden on society and it is estimated that about 10% of the adult population has some form of kidney disease; 200,000 people get afflicted with severe kidney disease (end-stage kidney disease) every year and very unfortunately over 90% of them die due to lack of access and affordability of renal replacement therapy in the form of dialysis or transplantation. These staggering numbers should draw attention to the big problem we face today before it paves the way for a global epidemic of kidney diseases.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/beware-of-acute-kidney-diseases-if-you-were-infected-with-malaria/articleshow/99760286.cms

Study finds how new antibody can target and cure melanomas

Many existing immunotherapies used in cancer treatment belong to the antibody type called

For combating the most aggressive type of skin cancer, a new class of immunotherapy has shown encouraging results.

The study examines whether a new antibody can target and cure melanomas. It was published today in Nature Communications by researchers from Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. The outcomes demonstrate that the antibody stimulates the immune system’s response to fight cancer and inhibits the growth of melanoma in mice.

The most harmful form of skin cancer, malignant melanoma, has a poor five-year survival rate for half of patients. Although immunotherapies (drugs that activate the body’s natural defence system to target cancer) have made significant advancements, many patients’ cancers still do not respond. Patients with melanoma who do not respond to current therapy may benefit from this medication.

Many existing immunotherapies used in cancer treatment belong to the antibody type called IgG. However, researchers at King’s College London and Guy’s and St Thomas’ have developed an IgE antibody which can utilise the patient’s own immune system to attack cancer in a different way.

Researchers developed an IgE antibody specific for a marker on the surface of human melanoma cells, called chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) found on up to 70% of melanomas. Immunotherapies currently available draw broadly upon the immune system’s defences, however this new antibody was designed to target immune responses specifically towards melanoma cells.

The researchers showed that CSPG4 IgE could attach to and activate immune cells found in melanoma patient blood to kill human melanoma cancer cells. CSPG4 IgE treatment slowed cancer growth in mice implanted with human immune cells, including cells from patients with melanoma. An allergy test conducted with patient blood found that CSPG4 IgE did not activate white blood cells called basophils, indicating that the therapy may be safe to take.

Dr Heather Bax, Postdoctoral Research Fellow from St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, said: “We have shown that an immune response can be triggered by IgE immunotherapy for melanoma and that this applies to human melanomas and to melanoma patient immune responses. Our findings replicate existing observations for MOv18 IgE, the firstanti-cancer IgE, which targets ovarian cancer, and supports development of IgE therapies for other solid tumors”.

Professor Sophia Karagiannis, from St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, said: “Four in ten people with advanced melanoma do not respond to available treatments. Our findings show that the human immune system reacts differently in the presence of drugs based on IgE antibodies and points to the potential of applying IgE to mount an effective response against melanoma. This opens up the possibility of this new class of drugs to benefit different patient groups and a new frontier in the battle against cancer.” Professor James Spicer, from King’s College London and a Consultant at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, said: “We have recently completed the first ever trial testing an IgE therapy for cancer (MOv18 IgE), and are excited about the prospect of a whole new class of antibody drugs in oncology. The collaboration between the King’s College London and Guy’s and St Thomas’ research groups is close and ever more productive.”

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/study-finds-how-new-antibody-can-target-and-cure-melanomas-500839

Afraid of injection? You may soon get vaccines via skin patches

The patch can be attached to the skin, allowing the vaccine to dissolve without the need for a traditional injection

The vaccine printer, which can fit on a tabletop, can be deployed anywhere vaccines are needed.

A novel mobile vaccine printer, developed by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US, may one day help people get vaccinated via skin patches, eliminating the need of needles.

The vaccine printer, which can fit on a tabletop, can be deployed anywhere vaccines are needed. It could also be scaled up to produce hundreds of vaccine doses in a day.

"We could someday have on-demand vaccine production," said Ana Jaklenec, a research scientist at MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research. "If, for example, there was an Ebola outbreak in a particular region, one could ship a few of these printers there and vaccinate the people in that location." The printer produces patches with hundreds of microneedles containing vaccines. The patch can be attached to the skin, allowing the vaccine to dissolve without the need for a traditional injection. Once printed, the vaccine patches can be stored for months at room temperature.

In a study appearing in the journal Nature Biotechnology, the researchers showed they could use the printer to produce thermostable Covid-19 RNA vaccines that could induce a comparable immune response to that generated by injected RNA vaccines, in mice.

Most vaccines, including mRNA vaccines, have to be refrigerated while stored, making it difficult to stockpile them or send them to locations where those temperatures can't be maintained. Furthermore, they require syringes, needles, and trained health care professionals to administer them.

Instead of producing traditional injectable vaccines, the researchers decided to work with a novel type of vaccine delivery based on patches about the size of a thumbnail, which contain hundreds of microneedles.

Such vaccines are now in development for many diseases, including polio, measles, and rubella. When the patch is applied to the skin, the tips of the needles dissolve under the skin, releasing the vaccine.

The "ink" that the researchers use to print the vaccine-containing microneedles includes RNA vaccine molecules that are encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles, which help them to remain stable for long periods of time.

The ink also contains polymers that can be easily moulded into the right shape and then remain stable for weeks or months, even when stored at room temperature or higher.

Inside the printer, a robotic arm injects ink into microneedle moulds, and a vacuum chamber below the mould sucks the ink down to the bottom, making sure that ink reaches all the way to the tips of the needles. Once the moulds are filled, they take a day or two to dry.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/afraid-of-injection-you-may-soon-get-vaccines-via-skin-patches-500852

Ever heard of type 1.5 diabetes or LADA? 5 things to know about this rare form of diabetes

LADA is an autoimmune diabetes condition just like type 1 diabetes. It happens when the body's antibodies attack the insulin making cells of the pancreas.

"Many researchers believe LADA, sometimes called type 1.5 diabetes, is a subtype of type 1 diabetes, while others do not recognize it as a distinct entity. Other researchers believe diabetes occurs on a continuum, with LADA falling between type 1 and type 2 diabetes," experts at MayoClinic say.

People with LADA are often misdiagnosed with type 2 diabetes because the symptoms of this diabetes show up over the age of 30.

LADA is mostly seen in those aged above 30-35 years

By definition, LADA is diabetes for adults.

The Immunology for Diabetes Society (IDS) identifies LADA under three criteria: on the basis of age which is more than 30 years, no dependency on insulin for at least the initial 6 months after initial diagnosis and positive autoantibodies to islet beta cells.

Those with LADA show signs like polyuria-the condition where the body urinates more often than normal, polydipsia-the condition of excessive thirst, nocturia-the need to wake up at night frequently to urinate, fatigue, visual changes, and tingling in the feet.

Weight loss is another classic sign of LADA and a history of low birth weight is a strong risk factor for this condition.

As per a study weight loss, low BMI is a parameter to detect three fourths of LADA cases.

Though it is similar to type 1 diabetes, in LADA the symptoms take time to progress due to which the person may not need medicines for up to six months.

Initially, LADA can be managed by making healthy lifestyle choices like good diet, exercising and medications but gradually when the symptoms worsen one may need insulin shots.

What are the tests those with LADA should get done regularly?

Those with LADA should regularly check their blood glucose level through the existing tests for diabetes.

Apart from this these patients should check their lipid profile, glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, albumin, peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy.

LADA is seen in those who are above 30 because the symptoms take time to show.

Often LADA is misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes. "If you've been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and you're lean and physically active or you've recently lost weight without effort, talk with your doctor about whether your current treatment is still the best one for you," experts at MayoClinic suggest.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/ever-heard-of-type-1-5-diabetes-or-lada-5-things-to-know-about-this-rare-form-of-diabetes/photostory/99673007.cms

Things people tend to ignore about cholesterol

Cholesterol levels more than 200 mg/ dL are considered to be dangerous. A normal cholesterol or blood lipid report comprises three components which are mostly considered to determine the overall cholesterol composition in the body: high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and triglycerides.

The low density lipoprotein or LDL range is paid more attention than other parameters in a lipid profile test. The normal range of LDL is less than 100 mg/dL. LDL is also referred to as the bad cholesterol.

HDL and triglycerides should be 40mg/dL or higher and below 150 mg/dL, respectively.

Regular medical examination is one of the key reasons why several life threatening diseases progress easily.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/things-people-tend-to-ignore-about-cholesterol-and-ways-it-puts-us-at-risk/photostory/99534181.cms?picid=99534192

Silent heart attack accounts for over 40% of heart attack cases; know what are the risk factors and signs

"A silent heart attack is one where there are minimal symptoms if any suggesting a possible heart attack," says Dr. V. Rajasekhar, Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiology & Electrophysiology, Certified Proctor For TAVR & Clinical Director, Yashoda Hospitals Hyderabad.

"Also there may be symptoms that may seem innocuous and suggest an alternative diagnosis such as heartburn or indigestion," the expert adds.

A heart attack is called 'silent' when the classic signs of a heart attack like chest pain and pain in the arm and neck are not experienced by the individual.

Silent heart attack signs are brief and mild

Many people who have silent heart attacks do not experience the sign.

As per a 2015 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association and cited by Harvard Health, a follow up study on almost 2,000 people between 45 to 84 years old, who never had any cardiovascular disease, found that they had a heart attack in 10 years. These people had myocardial scars due to heart attacks.

"Most surprising was that 80% of these people were unaware of their condition. Overall, the prevalence of myocardial scars was five times higher in men than in women," the study found.

"There is no way one can assess the risk of silent heart attack," explains Dr. V. Rajasekhar.

The risk factors for a silent heart attack are the same as for any heart attack such as: diabetes, hypertension, old age, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history of heart disease, high cholesterol, says the expert and adds that older people especially those with diabetes tend to have silent attacks more often.

What are the classic signs of heart attack one should be aware of?

It is very important to identify th signs of heart attack so that one gets timely medical help which is extremely crucial to save one's life:

Signs like chest pain, discomfort in the chest, feeling weak, fainting, pain in jaw, neck or back, discomfort in arms and shoulders and difficulty in breathing are the classic signs of heart attack.

"Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center or left side of the chest that lasts for more than a few minutes or that goes away and comes back. The discomfort can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain," the US CDC explains the nature of the chest pain during heart attack.

While the question seems elusive, the purpose of answering this is because it is a very commonly asked question.

The need of addressing this question is because the majority of heart attacks happen due to unhealthy lifestyle.

Lifestyle habits like less physical activity, random sleeping hours, smoking tobacco, binge drinking, not having sufficient nutritional foods, more dependency on food deliveries and takeaways, eating unhealthy oils and not screening health regularly gives scope to life threatening diseases to progress.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/silent-heart-attack-accounts-for-over-40-of-heart-attack-cases-know-what-are-the-risk-factors-and-signs/photostory/99730211.cms

Dementia symptoms: Fear or confusion when looking in the mirror could be a warning sign

Dementia refers to a group of symptoms linked to the deterioration of the brain. This condition is more common among older people and can lead to memory loss, behavioral changes and problems with movement. One disturbing problem people with dementia can experience is while looking in the mirror.

Mirror and dementia

According to the NHS UK, mirror reflections can be “troubling” for those living with dementia. If there is a dementia patient in your house, NHS UK advises removing or covering mirrors to make your home more dementia-friendly. “Check mirrors and cover or remove them if they're likely to cause confusion in the person with dementia,” it says.

What causes the distress?

People with dementia can feel distressed while looking at the mirror as they may not be able to recognise themselves. According to experts, people with dementia are afraid of mirrors because they don’t understand that they’re seeing a reflected image of themselves. It is also advised to close the curtains in the evening so the patient with dementia can't see their reflection in the window glass. This is because differences in lighting could accidentally create a mirror effect on windows or paintings with glass frames.

Understanding their reaction

Since patients with dementia are unable to recognize themselves in the mirror, they think that a stranger has suddenly appeared near them. Being suddenly startled by a stranger or intruder can trigger anxiety, anger, or even hysterical terror.They can feel extremely confused and unsafe, making them react completely irrationally. They might resist your attempts to calm them.

Fear of mirrors and refusal to bathe

Fear of mirrors can make some seniors with dementia afraid of the bathroom, which could be the reason behind their refusal to bathe. They might be afraid of the stranger that appears when they are engaging in such personal activities.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/dementia-symptoms-fear-or-confusion-when-looking-in-the-mirror-could-be-a-warning-sign/photostory/99643678.cms?picid=99643700

COVID or flu? Identifying the concerning symptoms of infection early on

Here's the difference between COVID and Flu symptoms

With increasing reports of respiratory infections like influenza and COVID-19 across India, it’s important to take notice of any concerning signs, find out whether they have an infection (and which one), and seek care appropriately – all while being careful not to spread the infection further.

India currently has over 60 thousand active COVID-19 cases, with roughly more than 5,900 active cases in Maharashtra alone. Simultaneously, India’s flu cases have also been high this season, following a 16-fold rise in flu cases last year as compared to in 2021. Such viral infections can have an impact across the nation, including by placing a burden on India’s healthcare system and practitioners. Infection can also affect the quality of people’s daily lives, their health outcomes, and even their work and productivity levels.

Difference between symptoms of COVID-19 and flu

Infections like the flu and COVID-19 share many common symptoms, which are important to look out for. Overlapping symptoms include: fever, cough, shortness of breath, muscle pain or body ache, sore throat, and fatigue (while one differentiator is the change in or loss of taste or smell, which is much more frequent with COVID-19). As a result, it is not easy to identify either based on symptoms alone – making testing important. Dr Agam Vora, Chest Physician & Medical Director, Vora Clinic, Mumbai, said, “With different types of respiratory tract infections spreading in parallel, it can become difficult for people to identify the type of infection they have, which could result in unnecessary or incorrect treatment. Understanding an individual’s type of illness, which can be done with testing, is incredibly important as this guides appropriate treatment.”Simple steps to take care of your health:

Get tested:

If you have symptoms, seek diagnosis. Identifying the infection you’re affected by is an important first step to care. Consult your doctor, and test for suspected respiratory infections – either with a self-test, or at the point of care. Rapid testing options are available for various respiratory tract infections, supporting fast, simple, and accurate diagnosis—the information you need to determine the appropriate treatment.

Monitor your condition:

Keep an eye on your symptoms and their intensity – such as if your fever is rising, or any symptoms are getting worse, at which point you should consult your doctor. With early diagnosis, you can promptly seek treatment. Make sure to properly adhere to the full course of medication and guidelines your doctor may have prescribed, to help relieve symptoms and fight the infection.

Take care of yourself:

Get plenty of rest and sleep. Take it easy, stay well hydrated (such as with water, broths, coconut water, or fresh juice), and eat healthy. Whether COVID-19 or the flu, you should avoid going to work. Instead, isolate so you can take the time you need to recuperate, while also ensuring the infection is not spread further to other people at work or beyond.

The takeaway:

Following these steps and speaking to your doctor can ensure your better health. Also, if you are not showing signs of infection, remember to continue following preventive measures to protect yourself and your loved ones, whether at the workplace or elsewhere. Vaccinations – which are different for flu and COVID-19 – are an important preventive behaviour, as are handwashing, social distancing, wearing masks, and avoiding being near people who are ill.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/covid-or-flu-identifying-the-concerning-symptoms-of-infection-early-on/photostory/99664003.cms

Gene in Down syndrome patients found to inhibit other neurons’ activities

The gene is called Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule, or DSCAM

Researchers have found that an extra copy of a gene in Down syndrome patients, also implicated in other human neurological conditions such as autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder and intractable epilepsy, causes improper development of neurons in mice.

The gene is called Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule, or DSCAM.

An extra copy of chromosome 21, or trisomy 21, is known to be the cause of Down syndrome, but it contains more than 200 genes, including DSCAM.

The researchers from University of Michigan (U-M), US, said that this presented a major challenge in Down syndrome research and treatments, which is determining which gene(s) on the chromosome contribute to which specific symptoms of the syndrome.

“For Down syndrome, we can’t just sequence patient genomes to find such genes, because we’d find at least 200 different genes that are changed. We have to dig deeper to figure out which of those genes causes which problem,” said Bing Ye, a neuroscientist at the U-M Life Sciences Institute and lead author of the study.

Their findings are published in the journal PLOS Biology.

In this study, Ye and his team have demonstrated how an extra copy of DSCAM contributes to neuronal dysfunction by studying mice having a third copy of the mouse equivalent of chromosome 21.

Ye and colleagues previously determined that overabundance of the protein encoded by DSCAM can cause overgrowth of axons in fruit fly neurons.

Now, the team has found that a third copy of DSCAM in mice leads to increased axon (part of neuron that sends signals to other neurons) growth and neuronal connections, called synapses, in the types of neurons that put the brakes on other neurons’ activities.

These changes lead to greater inhibition of other neurons in the cerebral cortex - a part of the brain that is involved in sensation, cognition and behaviour.

“We show here that the extra copy of DSCAM is the primary cause of the excessive inhibitory synapses in the cerebral cortex,” said Ye.

The team demonstrated normal axon growth in in mice having only two copies of DSCAM, but three copies of the other genes that are similar to human chromosome 21 genes.

“These results are striking because, although these mice have an extra copy of about a hundred genes, normalization of this single gene, DSCAM, rescues normal inhibitory synaptic function,” said Paul Jenkins, assistant professor of pharmacology and psychiatry at the Medical School and co-corresponding author of the study.

“This suggests that modulation of DSCAM expression levels could be a viable therapeutic strategy for repairing synaptic deficits seen in Down syndrome,” said Jenkins.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/gene-in-down-syndrome-patients-found-to-inhibit-other-neurons-activities-499608

Study sheds light on role of glucose in brain activity

Researchers have shed light on how neurons, or nerve cells, consume and metabolise glucose, as well as how these cells adapt to glucose shortages.

The researchers from Gladstone Institutes and UC San Francisco (UCSF), US, said that the new findings could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic approaches for those diseases and contribute to a better understanding of how to keep the brain healthy as it ages.

“We already knew that the brain requires a lot of glucose, but it had been unclear how much neurons themselves rely on glucose and what methods they use to break the sugar down,” says

Ken Nakamura, associate investigator at Gladstone and senior author of the study published in the journal Cell Reports.

Many foods we eat are broken down into glucose, which is stored in the liver and muscles, shuttled throughout the body, and metabolized by cells to power the chemical reactions that keep us alive.

Scientists had proposed that glial cells, or cells found in the tissue of the central nervous system, consume most of the glucose and then fuel neurons indirectly by passing them a metabolic product of glucose called lactate. However, the evidence to support this theory had been scant.

Nakamura’s group provided more evidence in this regard by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) to generate pure human neurons. This had been hard so far for scientists to generate cultures of neurons in the lab that do not also contain glial cells.

Then, the researchers mixed the neurons with a labelled form of glucose that they could track, even as it was broken down. This experiment proved the ability of neurons to take up the glucose themselves and process it into smaller metabolites.

Using CRISPR gene editing, the researchers removed two key proteins from the neurons to investigate how they were using metabolised glucose products. While one of them enabled neurons to import glucose, the other was required for glycolysis, the main pathway by which cells typically metabolise glucose.

They found that removing either of these proteins stopped the breakdown of glucose in the isolated human neurons.

“This is the most direct and clearest evidence yet that neurons are metabolising glucose through glycolysis and that they need this fuel to maintain normal energy levels,” said Nakamura, who is also an associate professor in the Department of neurology at UCSF.

The team next engineered mice’s neurons, but not other brain cell types, to lack the proteins required for glucose import and glycolysis.

The mice were found to develop severe learning and memory problems as they aged, suggesting that neurons rely on glycolysis for for normal functioning, Nakamura explains.

“Interestingly, some of the deficits we saw in mice with impaired glycolysis varied between males and females,” he added. “More research is needed to understand exactly why that is.” The team also studied how the neurons adapted themselves in the absence of energy received through glycolysis - as might be the case in certain brain diseases.

They found that neurons used other energy sources, such as the related sugar molecule galactose. However, the researchers found that galactose was not as efficient a source of energy as glucose and that it could not fully compensate for the loss of glucose metabolism.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/study-sheds-light-on-role-of-glucose-in-brain-activity-499957

Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy increases likelihood of flu attack: Study

Air pollution, which is a worldwide environmental health issue, is responsible for one in nine deaths with an annual premature mortality of more than 7 million

Women are more vulnerable to severe respiratory infections caused by a variety of viruses during pregnancy, including influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Furthermore, influenza affects pregnant women disproportionately, resulting in a more than 10-fold increase in hospitalisation risk.

A new study conducted by Dr. Natalie Johnson, an associate professor in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at Texas A&M University School of Public Health, found that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs) during pregnancy increases the risk of respiratory virus infection. The study’s findings were recently published in Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

“We know that air pollution affects the pulmonary immune system, making individuals more susceptible to viral infections,” Johnson added. “We also know that pregnant women are already at an increased risk of severe flu.” Surprisingly, no research have investigated the combined impacts of pregnancy, air pollution, and influenza. Our findings highlight the importance of further investigating these interactions in order to minimise short-term and maybe long-term effects on maternal health.” In the study, Johnson and her co-authors point out that there are several physiological characteristics that explain maternal susceptibility to viral infection. Among those are increased cardiac output and decreased tidal volume—the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle—as well as immunological changes such as selective modulation of immune cell subsets to protect the developing fetus.The research team also highlights that vaccination compliance during pregnancy is generally below 50 per cent, despite vaccination against influenza being safe and effective, leading to an increased risk of developing respiratory infection.

As a result, air pollution, which is a worldwide environmental health issue, is responsible for one in nine deaths with an annual premature mortality of more than 7 million. A mixture of gases and tiny airborne particulate matter, which is categorized as UFPs, are critical to recognize and identify, especially to protect vulnerable populations. The research team says these findings support future clinical and regulatory interventions for protecting pregnant women and controlling UFPs. According to the researchers, it is imperative that pregnant women in urban cities, where influenza and UFPs are more prevalent, are provided vaccinations and preventive measures limiting UFP exposure to protect maternal health.

“Air pollution is a pervasive environmental health issue,” Johnson said. “Strategies to protect the most vulnerable, like pregnant women, are of high priority to decrease adverse health effects.”

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/exposure-to-air-pollution-during-pregnancy-increases-likelihood-of-flu-attack-study-499961

Researchers identify key player that helps prevent ‘insulin shock’

Although insulin is one of the most essential hormones, whose insufficiency can result in death, too much insulin can also be deadly

A team of scientists at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine has identified a key player that helps prevent “insulin shock” and may lead to a therapeutic alternative to the hormone used by millions of persons with diabetes.

“Patients who are treated with insulin or drugs that stimulate insulin secretion often experience hypoglycemia, a condition that if gone unrecognised and untreated can result in seizures, coma and even death, which collectively define a condition called insulin shock,” explained Michael Karin, distinguished professor of pharmacology and pathology at UC San Diego School of Medicine.

In the study, published in the online edition of journal Cell Metabolism, Karin and Li Gu, a postdoctoral scholar in Karin’s lab, and colleagues described “the body’s natural defence or safety valve” that reduces the risk of insulin shock.

That valve is a metabolic enzyme called fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase or FBP1, which acts to control gluconeogenesis, a process in which the liver synthesises glucose.

Some anti-diabetic drugs, such as metformin, inhibit gluconeogenesis but without apparent ill effect.

Children born with a rare, genetic disorder in which they do not produce sufficient FBP1 can also remain healthy and live long lives.

But in other cases, when the body is starved for glucose or carbohydrates, an FBP1 deficiency can result in severe hypoglycemia.

Without a glucose infusion, convulsions, coma and possibly death can ensue.

To better understand the roles of FBP1, researchers created a mouse model with liver specific FBP1 deficiency, accurately mimicking the human condition.

Like FBP1-deficient children, the mice appeared normal and healthy until fasted, which quickly resulted in the severe hypoglycemia and the liver abnormalities and hyperlipidemia.

FBP1 has multiple roles. Beyond playing a part in the conversion of fructose to glucose, FBP1 had a second non-enzymatic but critical function: It inhibited the protein kinase AKT, which is the primary conduit of insulin activity.

“Basically, FBP1 keeps AKT in check and guards against insulin hyper-responsiveness, hypoglycemic shock and acute fatty liver disease,” said first author Gu.

Working with Yahui Zhu, a visiting scientist from Chongqing University in China and second author of the study, Gu developed a peptide (a string of amino acids nicknamed E7) derived from FBP1 that disrupted the association of FBP1 with AKT and another protein that inactivates AKT.

“This peptide works like an insulin mimetic, activating AKT,” said Karin.

The researchers would like to further develop E7 as a clinically useful alternative to insulin “because we have every reason to believe that it is unlikely to cause insulin shock.”

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/researchers-identify-key-player-that-helps-prevent-insulin-shock-500217

Study finds mind-body connection built into brain

The study by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, US, is published in the journal Nature.

A new study has provided evidence representing literal linkage of body and mind in the very structure of the brain.

The study, which showed parts of the brain area controlling movement being plugged into networks involved in cognition, could help explain confounding behaviours such as resorting to pacing when feeling anxious and why people who exercise regularly report a more positive outlook on life.

These parts of the brain area were also found to control involuntary bodily functions such as blood pressure and heartbeat.

“People who meditate say that by calming your body with, say, breathing exercises, you also calm your mind,” said first author Evan M. Gordon, an assistant professor of radiology at the School of Medicine’s Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology.

These practices, while having been found useful such as in people with anxiety, have not been scientifically proved.

“But now we’ve found a connection. We’ve found the place where the highly active, goal-oriented ‘go, go, go’ part of your mind connects to the parts of the brain that control breathing and heart rate. If you calm one down, it absolutely should have feedback effects on the other.” Gordon and senior author Nico Dosenbach, an associate professor of neurology, had set out to verify the long-established map of the areas of the brain that control movement, using modern brain-imaging techniques by replicating Penfield’s work with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

A staple of neuroscience textbooks, Penfield’s map of the motor regions of the brain were depicted as a homunculus, Latin for “little man”. In the 1930s, neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield, MD, mapped such motor areas of the brain by applying small jolts of electricity to the exposed brains of people undergoing brain surgery, and noting their responses.

The research team built a high-density dataset by recruiting seven healthy adults to undergo hours of fMRI brain scanning while resting or performing tasks. They then built individualized brain maps for each participant.

Then, they validated their results using three large, publicly available fMRI datasets - the Human Connectome Project, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study and the UK Biobank - which together contained brain scans from about 50,000 people.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/study-finds-mind-body-connection-built-into-brain-499276

Is that a tumour in your brain? 5 often ignored risk factors of brain tumour

Is that a tumour in your brain? 5 often ignored risk factors of brain tumour

Tumours may be a life-changing diagnosis, leaving you feeling overwhelmed and helpless. Over the years there has been devastation caused by brain tumours on individuals and their families. While certain risk factors for brain tumours are well recognised, such as hereditary disorders, a family history of brain tumours, and ionising radiation exposure, there are other lesser-known variables that people should be aware of. Here are five frequently overlooked risk factors that might lead to an increased chance of getting a brain tumour. Knowing these characteristics can assist individuals in taking proactive efforts to reduce risk and preserve good health.

Cell phone use

There is concern that cell phone use could cause brain tumours. Even though there is no clear agreement, it is shown that excessive and prolonged mobile phone usage may increase the chance of getting a brain tumour. Although the exact mechanism by which mobile phone radiation might result in tumours is unknown, some suggestions suggest that it may be connected to both the heat produced by the phone and the radiation it has. Use a hands-free device or speakerphone whenever possible and minimise cell phone use to reduce potential dangers.

Exposure to certain chemicals

Exposure to certain chemicals, such as pesticides, solvents, and other industrial chemicals, has been linked to an increased risk of brain tumours. Those working in industries that involve exposure to these chemicals are at the greatest risk, but even those living near industrial areas may be at risk. It is important to take precautions to limit exposure, such as wearing protective clothing and using appropriate ventilation systems.

Diet and lifestyle factors

It has been suggested that certain lifestyle and diet factors may play a role in developing brain tumors. A diet high in saturated fat and low in fruits and vegetables can increase the risk of brain tumours. Obesity being overweight, not getting enough exercise and smoking have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. If you adopt a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, avoiding smoking, regular exercise and excessive alcohol consumption, you can save yourself a lot of trouble.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/is-that-a-tumour-in-your-brain-5-often-ignored-risk-factors-of-brain-tumour/articleshow/99603606.cms

Exercise improves brain health with chemical signals

Researchers investigate how chemical signals released by muscles during exercise promote neuronal development in the brain.

Physical activity is frequently mentioned as a way to improve both physical and mental health. Researchers at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology discovered that it may also directly improve brain health. They investigated how the chemical signals released by muscles during exercise promote neuronal development in the brain.

Their work appears in the journal Neuroscience.

When muscles contract during exercise, like a bicep working to lift a heavy weight, they release a variety of compounds into the bloodstream. These compounds can travel to different parts of the body, including the brain. The researchers were particularly interested in how exercise could benefit a particular part of the brain called the hippocampus.

"The hippocampus is a crucial area for learning and memory, and therefore cognitive health," said Ki Yun Lee, a Ph.D. student in mechanical science and engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and the study's lead author. Understanding how exercise benefits the hippocampus could therefore lead to exercise-based treatments for a variety of conditions including Alzheimer's disease.

To isolate the chemicals released by contracting muscles and test them on hippocampal neurons, the researchers collected small muscle cell samples from mice and grew them in cell culture dishes in the lab. When the muscle cells matured, they began to contract on their own, releasing their chemical signals into the cell culture.

The research team added the culture, which now contained the chemical signals from the mature muscle cells, to another culture containing hippocampal neurons and other support cells.

known as astrocytes. Using several measures, including immunofluorescent and calcium imaging to track cell growth and multi-electrode arrays to record neuronal electrical activity, they examined how exposure to these chemical signals affected the hippocampal cells.

The results were striking. Exposure to the chemical signals from contracting muscle cells caused hippocampal neurons to generate larger and more frequent electrical signals -- a sign of robust growth and health. Within a few days, the neurons started firing these electrical signals more synchronously, suggesting that the neurons were forming a more mature network together and mimicking the organization of neurons in the brain.

However, the researchers still had questions about how these chemical signals led to growth and development of hippocampal neurons. To uncover more of the pathway linking exercise to better brain health, they next focused on the role of astrocytes in mediating this relationship.

"Astrocytes are the first responders in the brain before the compounds from muscles reach the neurons," Lee said. Perhaps, then, they played a role in helping neurons respond to these signals.

The researchers found that removing astrocytes from the cell cultures caused the neurons to fire even more electrical signals, suggesting that without the astrocytes, the neurons continued to grow -- perhaps to a point where they might become unmanageable.

"Astrocytes play a critical role in mediating the effects of exercise," Lee said. "By regulating neuronal activity and preventing hyperexcitability of neurons, astrocytes contribute to the balance necessary for optimal brain function." Understanding the chemical pathway between muscle contraction and the growth and regulation of hippocampal neurons is just the first step in understanding how exercise helps improve brain health.

"Ultimately, our research may contribute to the development of more effective exercise regimens for cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease," Lee said.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/exercise-improves-brain-health-with-chemical-signals-498908

Study discover emotion-focused therapy for bipolar disorder

Therapy may be useful in long-term treatment, say researchers.

A therapeutic tool focused on emotional awareness that increased activation and connectivity of an emotion-regulating centre in the brain has been discovered by researchers. The therapy may be useful in the long-term treatment and prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder (BD).

The findings of the study were published in Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Patients with bipolar disorder have alternating extreme mood states characterised by mania, depression, and impaired social functioning. The complex mechanisms of BD make it difficult to treat, frequently necessitating a cocktail of medications and behavioural interventions that can take years for the provider and patient to successfully personalise.

Led by Kristina Meyer, PhD, and Catherine Hindi Attar, PhD, at Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, in Berlin, Germany, the researchers investigated the impact of two psychotherapeutic interventions on BD symptoms and on amygdala activation and connectivity with other emotion-related brain regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

The amygdala -- a pair of small, bilateral regions in the brain's limbic system -- helps regulate emotion and detect salient stimuli. Research has shown that BD patients (outside of a manic episode) display altered activation and functional connectivity of the amygdala.

In one intervention, 28 patients underwent an emotion-focused therapy where they were guided to perceive and label their emotions without avoidance or suppression. The second intervention, delivered to 31 participants, was a specific cognitive-behavioural therapy that focused on practicing social interventions.

The researchers recorded the patients' symptoms using a longitudinal evaluation interview for 24 weeks pre-treatment as well as for six months throughout treatment, six months post-treatment, and between six and 12 months post-treatment. The evaluation produced separate weekly measures of mania and depression on a 1 to 6 scale ranging from no symptoms (1) to psychotic symptoms or severe functioning impairments (6). Seventeen participants from each treatment group underwent fMRI while performing an emotional face-matching task, as did 32 healthy control subjects.

"In line with our expectations, the patients participating in the emotion-focused therapy showed an increased activation and connectivity of the amygdala post-intervention compared to the patients receiving the cognitive-behavioral intervention, which may reflect improved emotion processing and increased tolerance towards negative emotions," said Dr. Meyer. In contrast, the patients of the cognitive-behavioural intervention demonstrated increased activation of brain regions related to social function but not altered amygdala activity.

"The results of this study suggest that different psychotherapeutic approaches unfold their beneficial effects by different neural routes," added senior author Felix Bermpohl, PhD, Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/study-discover-emotion-focused-therapy-for-bipolar-disorder-498911

Alcohol abuse major cause of increase in liver disorders in India, say experts

The experts also highlighted the role of regular health check-ups coupled with awareness on the significance of healthy liver on overall health as the need of the hour.

Alcohol abuse major cause of increase in liver disorders in India, say experts.

Alcohol abuse is the major cause of increase in liver disorders in the country, experts pointed out at the second edition of the India Liver Health Summit organised on Wednesday.

The summit was organised by the health think tank, Integrated Health and Wellbeing Council and Institute of Liver and Biliary Science (ILBS Delhi).

While discussing the impact of alcohol abuse on liver, Dr S K Sarin, Professor and Chancellor, ILBS pointed out, “Almost half of the patients who come to us with liver disorders are those who have alcohol addiction.” He further added, “Binge drinking should be avoided and the role of family and society is very important in this regard. Also, awareness on the ill-effects of alcohol consumption needs to be instilled right from childhood.” The event was organised to commemorate World Liver Day, a day observed worldwide to create awareness on the significance of a healthy liver and initiate lifestyle changes to achieve it.

The day also witnessed the launch of Play-Safe, a joint initiative of IHW Council and ILBS, to enhance societal and family support and awareness to protect liver from alcohol abuse especially amongst the youth.

The campaign launch featured participation from an array of speakers, including Noble Laureate Kailash Satyarthi who emphasised that children should be used as ambassadors for motivating their family members to abstain from alcohol use.

He also added, “Alcoholism leads to sexual abuse of children and many other vices in the society resulting in a vicious circle that needs to end. Doctors, religious leaders and the media should come together to create awareness on the negative impact of alcohol consumption.” The launch was followed by a pledge to motivate youngsters to abstain from alcohol addiction and create awareness on the same.

While taking part in the discussion Kamal Narayan, CEO of IHW Council, observed that all relevant stakeholders, including the pharma industry, government and nephrologists, need to come together for integrated liver health management instead of working in silos.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/alcohol-abuse-major-cause-of-increase-in-liver-disorders-in-india-say-experts-498977

New technique may aid early Parkinson's detection: Lancet study

The research confirms that the technique can accurately detect people with the neurodegenerative disease and suggests it can identify at-risk individuals 

A technique that identifies the build-up of abnormal protein deposits linked to Parkinson's disease could aid in early detection and play a key role in the clinical diagnosis and characterisation of the disorder, according to a study published in The Lancet Neurology journal. 

The research confirms that the technique—known as α-synuclein seed amplification assay (αSyn-SAA)—can accurately detect people with the neurodegenerative disease and suggests it can identify at-risk individuals and those with early, non-motor symptoms prior to diagnosis.

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/new-technique-may-aid-early-parkinsonsdetection-lancet-study/article66733096.ece 

Long Covid smell loss linked to changes in brain: Study

People living with long Covid who suffer from loss of smell show different patterns of activity in certain regions of the brain, a new study has found. 

The research from University College London used MRI scanning to compare the brain activity of people with long Covid who lost their sense of smell, those whose smell had returned to normal after Covid infection, and people who had never tested positive for Covid-19. 

Published in eClinicalMedicine, the observational study found that the people with long Covid smell loss had reduced brain activity and impaired communication between two parts of the brain which process important smell information: the orbitofrontal cortex and the prefrontal cortex. 

This connection was not impaired in people who had regained their sense of smell after Covid. 

The findings suggest smell loss, known as anosmia, caused by long Covid is linked to a change in the brain that stops smells from being processed properly. Because it's clinically reversible, as shown in some people, it may be possible to retrain the brain to recover its sense of smell in people suffering the side effects of long Covid. 

"Persistent loss of smell is just one way long Covid is still impacting people's quality of life. Our study gives reassurance that, for the majority of people whose sense of smell comes back, there are no permanent changes to brain activity," said lead author Dr Jed Wingrove from UCL Department of Medicine. 

Researchers say their findings also suggest that the brains of people with long Covid smell loss might be compensating for this lost sense by boosting connections with other sensory regions: their brains had increased activity between the parts of the brain that process smell and areas that process sight (the visual cortex). 

"This tells us that the neurons that would normally process smell are still there, but they're just working in a different way," Dr Wingrove said.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/long-covid-smell-loss-linked-to-changes-in-brainstudy-498575 

T-cell Covid vaccine may last longer than current jabs: Indian-American researcher

Current vaccines are designed to trigger an antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which is vulnerable to mutations that could make the vaccine less effective over time 

A T-cell based Covid vaccine may last longer than the current jabs, providing long-lasting immunity against future emerging variants and could be used as a model for other seasonal viral diseases like the flu, an Indian-American researcher has revealed. 

The current Covid vaccines are designed to trigger an antibody response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which is vulnerable to mutations that could make the vaccine less effective over time. 

Focusing on the T-cell instead, Pennsylvania State University researchers in the US partnered with Evaxion Biotech on a study that was the first to demonstrate the effectiveness of an AIgenerated vaccine in a live viral challenge model. 

In their study, the researchers challenged mice with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2 and found that 87.5 per cent of the mice that were vaccinated with the T-cell-based vaccine survived, while only one of the control-group mice survived. 

Additionally, all the vaccinated mice that survived cleared the infection within 14 days postchallenge, said the study published in the journal Frontiers in Immunology. "To our knowledge, this study is the first to show in vivo protection against severe Covid-19 by an AI-designed T-cell vaccine," said Girish Kirimanjeswara, associate professor of veterinary and biomedical sciences, Penn State. 

"Our vaccine was extremely effective at preventing severe Covid-19 in mice, and it can be easily scaled up to start testing it in humans, as well," he added. 

The research also paves the way for the potential rapid design of novel T-cell vaccines against emerging and seasonal viral diseases, like influenza. According to Kirimanjeswara, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is under heavy selection pressure, which can result in mutations that drive the emergence of new variants. 

"This means that vaccine manufacturers will have to keep creating new vaccines that target new variants, and people have to keep getting these new vaccines," he noted. 

The virus would have to undergo too many mutations to be able to escape this T-cell-mediated immunity, so that is one advantage. "The second advantage is that T-cell-mediated immunity is usually long lasting, so you don't need repeated booster doses," Kirimanjeswara explained.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/t-cell-covid-vaccine-may-last-longer-than-currentjabs-indian-american-researcher-497672 

Virus lead to cancer, causes chromosomal breakage: Study

Researchers describe for the first time how the virus exploits genomic weaknesses to cause cancer while reducing the body's ability to suppress it 

When people kiss, share drinks, or use the same eating utensils, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primarily transmits through saliva. It should therefore come as no surprise that EBV is one of the most widespread viruses, affecting more than 90% of the population of world, primarily during childhood. 

The findings of the study were published in the journal Nature. 

EBV is a cause of infectious mononucleosis and other infections, however frequently there are no symptoms. Although the majority of infections are small and transient, the virus is still present and can occasionally go dormant or reactivate. Long-lasting latent infections are associated with a number of cancers as well as several chronic inflammatory disorders. 

Researchers at University of California San Diego, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center and Ludwig Cancer Research at UC San Diego, describe for the first time how the virus exploits genomic weaknesses to cause cancer while reducing the body's ability to suppress it 

These findings show "how a virus can induce cleavage of human chromosome 11, initiating a cascade of genomic instability that can potentially activate a leukemia-causing oncogene and inactivate a major tumor suppressor," said senior study author Don Cleveland, PhD, Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Neurosciences and Cellular and Molecular Medicine at UC San Diego School of Medicine 

"It's the first demonstration of how cleavage of a 'fragile DNA' site can be selectively induced."Throughout every person's genome or full set of genes are fragile sites, specific chromosomal regions more likely to produce mutations, breaks or gaps when replicating. Some are rare, some are common; all are associated with disorders and disease, sometimes heritable conditions, sometimes not, such as many cancers. 

In the new study, Cleveland and colleagues focus on EBNA1, a viral protein that persists in cells infected with EBV. EBNA1 was previously known to bind at a specific genomic sequence in the EBV genome at the origin of replication. The researchers found that EBNA1 also binds a cluster of EBV-like sequences at a fragile site on human chromosome 11 where increasing abundance of the protein triggers chromosomal breakage. 

Other prior research has shown that EBNA1 inhibits p53, a gene that plays a key role in controlling cell division and cell death. It also suppresses tumor formation when normal. Mutations of p53, on the other hand, are linked to cancer cell growth. 

When the scientists examined whole-genome sequencing data for 2,439 cancers across 38 tumor types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, they found that cancer tumors with detectable EBV revealed higher levels of chromosome 11 abnormalities, including 100% of the head and neck cancer cases. 

"For a ubiquitous virus that is harmless for the majority of the human population, identifying at-risk individuals susceptible to the development of latent infection-associated diseases is still an ongoing effort," said the study's first author Julia Li, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in Cleveland's lab. 

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/virus-lead-to-cancer-causes-chromosomalbreakage-study-497985 

Booster doses of index virus-based vaccines still effective against all COVID19 variants: WHO

India is now ramping up its vaccine production following a rapid surge in cases caused by the XBB.1.16 strain, a sub-variant of Omicron.

The World Health Organisation said that booster doses of index virus-based vaccines offer protection against all SARS-CoV-2 variants, including contemporary Omicron descendent lineages. Image for representational purpose only. 

World Health Organisation’s Technical Advisory Group on COVID-19 Vaccine Composition (TAG-CO-VAC) has said that booster doses of index virus-based vaccines continue to confer high levels of protection against severe disease and death caused by all SARS-CoV-2 variants, including contemporary Omicron descendent lineages. 

The recent statement comes at a time when India is witnessing a surge in new COVID-19 cases and is seeing a six-month high with over 10,000 daily new cases coming in for the past week.

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/booster-doses-of-index-virus-based-vaccines-stilleffective-against-all-covid-19-variants-who/article66743879.ece 

The study found that these drugs did not compromise the effectiveness of the antibiotics against disease-causing bacteria.

Further experiments showed that these antidote drugs also protected natural bacterial communities derived from human stool samples and in living mice, the researchers added. 

Study finds connections in brain that are connected to seizures in people with epilepsy 

Researchers say findings can aid in redesigning neurological procedures  

A network of connections in the brain that are connected to seizures in persons with epilepsy have been found by researchers from the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology. 

For individuals whose epilepsy cannot be controlled by medicine, the researchers hope that their findings, which were published in Brain, can aid in redesigning neurological procedures. Patients may be able to experience sustained respite from seizures by cutting off specific frontal lobe pathways. 

There are 5,00,000 people in the UK with epilepsy and 50 million people have the condition worldwide. But one in three cannot control their epilepsy with medication. 

For those patients where the source of epilepsy can be pinpointed, neurosurgery can be curative. However, currently, only around 30% of patients remain seizure-free in the long-term in the frontal lobe. 

The team analysed MRI scans of 47 patients who had received surgery to their frontal lobes for epilepsy, years earlier. 

They found that patients had longer term seizure freedom when nerve pathways in the brain that link the frontal lobe to deep brain structures (the thalamus and striatum, which are responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals, motor control, emotion and reward) were disconnected -- with 88% of patients seizure free after three years and 80% seizure free at five years, compared to typical outcomes for epilepsy-treating neurosurgery (30%) in the frontal lobe. 

Alongside preventing the recurrence of future seizures, the researchers found that cutting the connections did not have any negative effects on language or executive functions. 

Lead author and neurosurgeon, Mr Davide Giampiccolo (UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Cleveland Clinic London), said: "Neurosurgery can be very effective for people with epilepsy that is not controlled with medication. However, in some patients, seizures recur years after surgery and, until now, it has not been clear why this happens. 

"We now think this might be related to connections in the brain that form a network that gives rise to epileptic seizures. If this is correct, disconnecting this frontal lobe network with surgery could prevent seizures recurring years later." Mr Giampiccolo said: "This will allow us to redesign neurosurgical operations and personalise the operations for each patient, ensuring that the right connections are cut. We hope this will lead to a great improvement in the long-term results of epilepsy surgery." 

Tom Shillito, Health Improvement and Research Manager, Epilepsy Action, said: "Neurosurgery can be a really effective treatment for the many people facing the challenges of uncontrolled epilepsy. These can have a huge and often debilitating impact on many aspects of life, from education to employment. However, with only a small number of people remaining free from seizures in the long-term following brain surgery, the decision to undergo this invasive operation can be an incredibly difficult one to make. 

"It is exciting that these new findings have seen improved results in giving people long-term freedom from seizures and this is a promising development for people with drug-resistant epilepsy. We hope this can help to empower even more people with epilepsy to make more informed and confident decisions about their future treatment. 

"We're looking forward to seeing how this treatment develops, hopefully giving people with epilepsy more hope in gaining greater seizure freedom."

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/study-finds-connections-in-brain-that-areconnected-to-seizures-in-people-with-epilepsy-498251 

Novel way to reduce harmful side effects of antibiotics found

Antibiotics can damage microbial communities, resulting in imbalance that can lead to recurrent gastrointestinal problems 

Scientists have found a new approach that combines antibiotics with a protective antidote to reduce their harmful side effects without compromising the efficiency of the drugs. 

The study, published in the journal Nature, analysed the effects of 144 different antibiotics on the abundance of the most common gut bacteria. 

Presented at this year’s European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) in Copenhagen, Denmark from April 15-18, the research offers novel insights into reducing the adverse effects of antibiotic treatment on the gut microbiome. 

“The scientists identified a novel approach that combines antibiotics with a protective antidote to help keep the gut microbiome healthy and reduce the harmful side effects of antibiotics without compromising their efficiency,” said Ulrike Lober, of the Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine in Berlin, Germany. 

“Despite our promising findings, further research is needed to identify optimum and personalized combinations of antidote drugs and to exclude any potential long-term effects on the gut microbiome,” Lober said. 

The trillions of microorganisms in the human gut profoundly impact health by aiding digestion, providing nutrients and metabolites, and working with the immune system to fend off harmful bacteria and viruses. 

Antibiotics can damage these microbial communities, resulting in an imbalance that can lead to recurrent gastrointestinal problems caused by Clostridioides difficile infections as well as long-term health problems such as obesity, allergies, asthma and other immunological or inflammatory diseases.

The international team of researchers systematically analysed the growth and survival of 27 different bacterial species commonly found in the gut following treatment with 144 different antibiotics. 

They also assessed the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)—the minimal concentration of an antibiotic required to stop bacteria from growing—for over 800 of these antibiotic-bacteria combinations. 

The results showed that the majority of gut bacteria had slightly higher MICs than diseasecausing bacteria, suggesting that at commonly used antibiotic concentrations, most of the tested gut bacteria would not be affected. 

However, two widely used antibiotic classes—tetracyclines and macrolides— stopped healthy bacteria growing at much lower concentrations than those required to stop the growth of disease-causing bacteria, the researchers said. 

These antbiotics also killed more than half of the gut bacterial species tested, potentially altering the gut microbiome composition for a long time, they said. 

As drugs interact differently across different bacterial species, the researchers investigated whether a second drug could be used to protect the gut microbes. 

They combined the antibiotics erythromycin (a macrolide) and doxycycline (a tetracycline) with a set of 1,197 pharmaceuticals to identify suitable drugs that would protect two abundant gut bacterial species (Bacteriodes vulgatus and Bacteriodes uniformis) from the antibiotics. 

The researchers identified several promising drugs including the anticoagulant dicumarol, the gout medication benzbromarone, and two anti-inflammatory drugs, tolfenamic acid and diflunisal. 

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/novel-way-to-reduce-harmful-side-effects-ofantibiotics-found-498266 

Testicular cancer: Initial symptoms that people often don't pay attention to

Testicular cancer is a form of cancer that begins in the testicles, the organs that produce sperm and male hormones in men. Although it can happen to any man, it's more common in younger men between 15 and 35 years old. Knowing the early signs and symptoms of testicular cancer can help in detecting it early and getting prompt treatment.

Painless lump

Dr. Sanjay Gogoi, HOD and consultant - Urology, HCMCT Manipal Hospitals, Dwarka says, “One of the first signs of testicular cancer is a painless lump or swelling in one of the testicles. It is important to check for any changes in size, shape, or firmness of the testicles, as well as any unusual lumps or bumps.

Dull pain in groin

Sometimes the testicle can feel heavy or achy, or there might be a dull pain in the lower belly or groin. These symptoms should not be ignored and should be reported to the doctor.

Other symptoms of testicular cancer

Other symptoms can include a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, a sudden collection of fluid around the testicle, or breast growth or tenderness. Some types of testicular cancer produce hormones that can cause these changes. Therefore, men should be aware of these symptoms and report them to their doctor as soon as possible.

Diagnosis of testicular cancer

"If a man experiences any of these symptoms or changes, it's important to talk to the doctor immediately. The doctor may perform a physical exam, blood tests and order an ultrasound or CT scan, to check for cancer.While testicular cancer can be alarming, it's important to remember that it's often curable if caught early," says Dr. Gogoi.

Do not ignore the Vitamin D deficiency symptoms on your tongue; all about it

Vitamin D deficiency is quite common among people who do not get enough sunshine – such as those who work indoors, wear extensive clothing or those who are obese or aged. However, lack of vitamin D in your body can lead to several health problems such as weak bones, bone deformities, muscle cramps, fatigue and can even contribute to mental health issues. It is important to get regularly tested to determine if you lack this or any other nutrient. Your body may also tell you that you are deficient in vitamin D through various tell-tale signs. One such could be present in your mouth.

Tongue and vitamin D link

Studies have found that vitamin D deficiency can lead to burning mouth syndrome, which is a painful condition that leads to a burning, scalding, or tingling feeling in the mouth, especially on the tongue.

Symptoms

The main symptom of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is pain which can present as burning, scalding, or tingling feeling on the tongue or other parts of the mouth such as the lips or roof of the mouth. The pain may happen with a feeling of numbness, which comes and goes. Other symptoms include dry mouth or altered taste.

When to see a doctor?

It is important to see your doctor if you experience any symptoms associated with burning mouth syndrome. The condition can be caused by other factors apart from nutritional deficiency, which is why it is best to get a proper diagnosis from your doctor for the correct treatment.

Helpful tips

Apart from treatment, there are certain tips that can help improve your symptoms. Try sipping a cold beverage, suck on ice cubes, or chew sugarless gum. Avoid things that can irritate your mouth such as tobacco; hot and spicy foods; alcoholic beverages; mouthwash that contains alcohol; and products high in acid such as citrus fruits and juices.

Other causes of burning sensation in tongue

Apart from Vitamin D deficiency, a burning sensation in the mouth can happen due to other factors as well. According to the US National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, these include:

Oral habits such as tooth grinding or jaw clenching

Depression

Hormonal changes (such as from diabetes or thyroid problem)

Allergies to dental products, dental materials (usually metals), or foods

Certain medicines, such as those that reduce blood pressure

Infection in the mouth, such as a yeast infection

Acid reflux

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/do-not-ignore-the-vitamin-d-deficiency-symptoms-on-your-tongue-all-about-it/photostory/99433100.cms?picid=99433314

Model created using AI and tweets to help early detection of mental disorders

Work is underway to create anxiety and depression prediction models, using artificial intelligence (AI) and Twitter, one of the world's largest social media platforms, which could detect signs of these illnesses before clinical diagnosis, according to researchers.

Researchers at the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil said that preliminary findings from the model suggested the possibility of detecting the likelihood of a person developing depression based solely on their social media friends and followers.

The findings are published in the journal Language Resources and Evaluation.

While there are multiple studies involving natural language processing (NLP) focussed on depression, anxiety and bipolar disorder, most of these analysed English texts and did not match Brazilians' profiles, the researchers said.

The first step in this study involved constructing a database, called SetembroBR, of information relating to a corpus of 47 million publicly posted Portuguese texts and the network of connections between 3,900 Twitter users. These users had reportedly been diagnosed with or treated for mental health problems before the survey. The tweets were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic.

"First, we collected timelines manually, analyzing tweets by some 19,000 users, equivalent to the population of a village or small town.

"We then used two datasets, one for users who reported being diagnosed with a mental health problem and another selected at random for control purposes. We wanted to distinguish between people with depression and the general population," said Ivandre Paraboni, last author of the article and a professor at USP.

Because people with mental health problems tended to follow certain accounts such as discussion forums, influencers and celebrities who publicly acknowledge their depression, the study also collected tweets from friends and followers.

The second step, still in progress, has provided some preliminary findings, such as the possibility of detecting the likelihood of a person developing depression based solely on their social media friends and followers, without taking their own posts into account.

Following pre-processing of the corpus to maintain original texts by removing non-standard characters, the researchers deployed deep learning (AI), to create four text classifiers and word embeddings (context-dependent mathematical representations of relations between words) using models based on bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), a machine learning algorithm employed for NLP.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/model-created-using-ai-and-tweets-to-help-early-detection-of-mental-disorders-496385

How Omicron sub-variants escape our body's immune system

Yale University researchers find that activity of MHC molecules is substantially lower in cells exposed to five Omicron sub-variants as well as earlier versions of COVID-19

Researchers have identified why Omicron sub-variants are better, than previous Covid-19 variants, at escaping detection by the human body's immune cells.

In addition to antibodies produced either by vaccines or exposure to earlier versions of the virus, these viral variants must also avoid 'killer' T cells, to sicken people.

T cells are immune cells that are unleashed when the immune system detects foreign pathogens.

To understand how Omicron breaks all these barriers, a team from the Yale University in the US, measured activity of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules that present fragments of viruses for recognition by appropriate T cells.

These MHC molecules alert the T cells of foreign pathogens that then become targets for the T cells.

The researchers found that the activity of these MHC molecules was substantially lower in cells exposed to five Omicron sub-variants of SARS-CoV-2 as well as earlier versions of the virus.

But the Omicron variants, the researchers found, were particularly adept at shutting down the activity of MHC compared with earlier versions of the Covid-19 virus. Meanwhile, cells infected by a flu virus were found to have much greater MHC activity.

Reduced activity in these MHC molecules, researchers say, may make T cells less likely to locate Covid viral targets.

"The findings will help guide researchers as they investigate possible ways to overcome MHC suppression by viral infections and may help in the development of vaccines that mobilise T cells as well as antibody response against viruses," said Miyu Moriyama, a postdoctoral fellow at Yale School of Medicine.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/how-omicron-sub-variants-escape-our-bodys-immune-system-496708

Covid entering endemic stage in India, cases likely to start subsiding after 10-12 days

The current rise in Covid cases is being driven by XBB.1.16, which is a sub variant of Omicron

India registered a single-day rise of 7,830 coronavirus cases, the highest in 223 days, on Wednesday. iStock

Covid in India is moving towards the endemic stage, so the cases may keep rising for the next 10-12 days after which they will subside, official sources said on Wednesday.

The sources said even though the cases are increasing, hospitalisation is low and expected to remain low.

The current rise in Covid cases is being driven by XBB.1.16, which is a sub variant of Omicron, they added.

While Omicron and its sub-lineages continue to be the dominant variant, most of the assigned variants have little or no significant transmissibility, disease severity or immune escape.

The prevalence of XBB.1.16 increased from 21.6 per cent in February this year to 35.8 per cent in March. However, no evidence of an increase in hospitalisation or mortality has been reported, the sources said.

India registered a single-day rise of 7,830 coronavirus cases, the highest in 223 days, on Wednesday, according to the Union Health Ministry data. The data showed active cases have increased to 40,215.

Amid rising cases of Covid-19, a nation-wide mock drill to take a stock of hospital preparedness was held on April 10 and 11.

As many as 36,592 public and private facilities from all districts participated in the drill.

Officials say more than 10 lakh beds are currently available across the country. Out of which, over 3 lakh beds are oxygen-supported, 90,785 are ICU beds, and 54,040 are ICU-cum-ventilator beds.

As part of the government healthcare infrastructure preparedness, 77,923 ventilators are functional, 261,534 oxygen concentrators, 685,567 oxygen cylinders are functional.

Besides a total 8,652,974 PPE kits and 28,039,957 N-95 masks are in stock. The health ministry has also stocked 668,432,658 paracetamol doses, 97,170,149 doses of Azithromycin and other essentials.

Also, 14,698 total Basic Life Support Ambulances and 4,557 Advance Life Support Ambulances are available. In addition to this, the government has 208,386 doctors oriented on Covid-19 management.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/covid-entering-endemic-stage-in-india-cases-likely-to-start-subsiding-after-10-12-days-496755