The notion that diet may be able to get rid of or alleviate chronic pain is a very promising idea.
However, such nutritional interventions may fail to produce significant results for some individuals and cannot ‘cure’ pain.
To investigate whether a tailored nutrition program has the potential to address chronic pain, MNT tried one program called Revive — a service that offers nutrition and lifestyle interventions based on a person’s DNA.
Experts who weighed in on the current research say food can significantly influence the underlying factors that contribute to chronic pain, but the outcome may be different for everyone.
When it comes to managing or treating chronic pain — especially after multiple types of medications fail to provide lasting relief— many people turn to lifestyle changes in hopes that such interventions may be able to alleviate some of the symptoms.
It is important to note that
while no one diet or nutritional program can cure chronic pain, foods may
influence the biological mechanisms that contribute to chronic pain for many
people.
Medical News Today spoke to two experts and
tested a DNA-based nutrition program to see whether reducing pain via dietary
changes is possible.
How chronic pain, inflammation, and diet
are linked
According to Kelsey Costa, a registered
dietitian and nutrition consultant for the National Coalition on Healthcare,
while making dietary changes alone can’t ‘cure’ chronic pain, it may influence
the underlying factors that contribute to it for some people.
In that way, adopting a more anti-inflammatory diet. Source, such as the Mediterranean diet — which encourages
the consumption of fish, legumes, and a variety of
fruits and vegetables — may benefit some people.
Although there is no one definition for an
anti-inflammatory diet, the general recommendation is one that avoids foods that cause inflammation. Source in the body, such as refined carbohydrates and added sugars, and
trans and saturated fats.
“Chronic pain often stems
from persistent inflammation in the body. This inflammation can be exacerbated or mitigated by
dietary choices. Foods high in sugar, unhealthy fats, and certain
additives can trigger inflammatory responses, worsening chronic pain.
Conversely, adopting an anti-inflammatory diet rich in whole foods and healthy
fats can help mitigate inflammation,” she told MNT.
What are some anti-inflammatory foods?
The backbone of an anti-inflammatory diet is foods
that are rich in antioxidants and phytonutrients. Source, which have been linked to lower levels of
inflammation throughout the body.
“For instance, foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, like
fatty fish and nuts, and those high in antioxidants, like berries and leafy greens, can help soothe
inflammation, thereby influencing chronic pain. Furthermore, spices such
as turmeric and ginger have been
recognized for their potent anti-inflammatory properties,” said Costa.
The benefits of including more anti-inflammatory foods
in one’s diet may also affect health positively in other ways.
“[It’s] worth noting that these dietary changes don’t
just influence pain directly; they also contribute to overall improved health,
weight management, and enhanced quality of life, which can indirectly
positively impact chronic pain management,” Costa pointed out.
She stressed that as each individual’s body will
respond differently to such dietary changes, it is important to follow a
tailored approach.
Do ‘DNA-based’ nutrition programs work?
DNA-based diets. Source are
a concept that has gained more traction in recent years. However, the science
is still very new. Most experts believe in the potential of such personalized
nutritional approaches but are skeptical about the general applicability and
complexity of the science.
Costa started by explaining epigenetics,. Source or
the study of how cells and chemical compounds may control how genes work
without changing the DNA sequence.
“Epigenetics, essentially the
study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression, and
DNA-based nutrition programs have the potential to revolutionize dietary
guidance,” said Costa. One way this can be achieved is through DNA methylation. Source, which
can be influenced by diet.
“Yet, the science is still maturing and has not
reached the point where wholly personalized diets can be accurately developed
for individuals based on their genetic makeup alone. Some studies suggest
that personalized nutrition advice delivered through
digital platforms can prompt
more significant and appropriate modifications in dietary behavior than
traditional, population-wide advice,” she continued.
Costa underscored that although comprehensive evidence
regarding incorporating phenotype or genotype data into personalized nutrition
advice is lacking, such data may enhance the effectiveness of these
interventions.
She said DNA-based nutrition programs had potential
and “may enhance adherence due to their personalized nature,” therefore
producing more tangible results for people.
However, she cautioned that they may be just as
effective as personalized guidance by a dietitian.
“[The] effectiveness [of DNA-based nutrition programs]
may not exceed the benefits of individualized dietary advice grounded in a
person’s present diet patterns, medical history, and lifestyle, similar to the
guidance provided by a dietitian,” she said.
“While genetics-based nutrition may become a valuable
tool in the future, it’s essential to consider all aspects of a person’s health
and lifestyle when creating personalized dietary recommendations.”
— Kelsey Costa
Can
improving gut health reduce pain?
Research on the role of the gut microbiome in managing and
treating chronic pain has been
growing, and many studies have revealed intricate mechanistic links between
both.
One such link is a receptor called Toll-like receptor 4. Source,
which may be involved in the switch from acute to chronic pain. Past studies in mice. Source have
shown that a diet high in fat, and can impact the gut microbiome and increase
inflammation through the activation of TL-4.
“The gut microbiota is a vital
intersection between the neuroimmune-endocrine and microbiome-gut-brain axes,
potentially impacting chronic pain directly and indirectly. Various signaling
molecules from the gut microbiota appear to modulate chronic pain progression
by targeting associated receptors and managing peripheral and central sensitization,”
explained Costa.
Disrupted
gut health: Before or after pain?
Dr. Ă–mer Elma, assistant
professor and lecturer in physiotherapy at Bournemouth University, pointed out
that people experiencing chronic pain often also experience disruptions to the
gut microbiome.
“Current evidence mainly says that the chronic pain
population shows disturbed gut microbiota compared to the pain-free population.
Also, we know already that dietary factors can directly affect gut health,” he
told MNT.
Meanwhile, Costa pointed out that an imbalance in gut
microbiota has been associated with the worsening of chronic pain disorders,
including neuropathic or inflammatory pain, migraines, and fibromyalgia.
She said that the evidence so
far suggests that “improving the diversity and balance of gut microbiota may
contribute to reducing inflammation and chronic pain,” and hence, such programs
targeting gut bacteria with an aim to improve gut health could
be helpful.
Still, Dr. Elma said the scientific basis for targeted
interventions via the gut microbiome to improve chronic pain was lacking.
Why is treating chronic pain difficult?
When it comes to managing chronic pain, Dr. Elma drew
attention to the multifaceted nature of chronic pain and how many factors can
influence its frequency and severity, which makes it more complex to treat.
“Chronic
pain is multidimensional, and we know that lifestyle factors, including
physical activity, sleep, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, depression,
anxiety, and diet, all can play a role in the occurrence, prognosis, and
management of pain,” he said.
Dr. Elma singled out diet as a modifiable lifestyle
factor that can affect pain in both positive and negative ways.
“Mainly, we need an optimal nutrient intake for
general well-being and for a properly functioning nervous system. On the other
side, some people might have some allergies or intolerances to specific foods
and nutrients, which might trigger certain metabolic responses in the body and
contribute to pain processing mechanisms,” he explained.
Not
enough research on DNA-based diet plans, yet
Although our understanding of the link between
genetics and nutrition is growing, research on DNA-based interventions is still
being compiled, gathered, and explored.
“Unfortunately, we are still
in the early stages of developing personalized dietary interventions for the
chronic pain population due to a lack of robust scientific findings. Most
approaches, including DNA-based nutritional interventions, are currently based
on hypotheses and proposals,” said Dr. Elma.
“Current DNA kits primarily focus on identifying
genetic markers associated with potential responses to certain foods. However,
they do not comprehensively assess how an individual’s body responds to
specific food ingestion, and they often overlook factors like metabolomics,
including gut microbiota responses,” he continued.
Dr. Elma said some people may also have a specific
need for certain nutrients compared to the rest of the population due to
metabolic differences, highlighting the importance of a tailored intervention.
Another limitation of the research on the link between
gut health and pain lies in the nature of the studies conducted.
“There is a lack of interventional studies on the
chronic pain population. Current evidence on gut microbiota comes from
observational, cross-sectional comparative studies. They compare gut diversity among
different populations and deduct associations from these observations. [W]e are
lacking studies that target gut microbiota in chronic pain populations with
dietary interventions,” said Dr. Elma.
“Overall, I believe that the combination of the
developments in artificial data, omics technologies, and increased access to
such technologies enable such DNA-based programs to be effectively used in
chronic pain populations, considering individual differences,” he added.
Testing
the science: My own DNA-based nutrition program for pain
As a Medical News
Today editor, I decided to put the science to the test to see if these
hypotheses held true in the real world. The U.K.-based service I used is called
Revive, which offers individualized solutions for health and well-being —
including managing chronic pain, weight loss, long COVID, and blood sugar
control.
What the Revive team wanted to
achieve with my case was:
To lower inflammatory signaling from my innate immune
system
To repopulate commensal bacteria and rebuild gut
health
To get advice on medication options and managing
chronic pain
My nutrition program for chronic pain was divided into
two phases — an immune-resetting diet followed by immunity-building via food.
As part of the preparation for my genetic analysis, I
was first sent a DNA test kit.
The DNA test
kit
I received the kit in a securely wrapped and padded
box via priority post. Inside was a FitBit to keep track of my activity levels,
sleep, and heart rate, a charger and extra wrist strap as well as the container
to collect my DNA.
By following the informational leaflet that detailed
step-by-step instructions, I was able to collect my DNA and post my box back to
the company for testing. There was no bloodwork involved, as the
DNA was collected via saliva.
Answering
the health questionnaire
I first had to answer questions on the healthquiz on
their website to give the nutritionist a general idea of my overall health.
The score I received from this
questionnaire was calculated and evaluated in five categories: neurological,
environmental, exercise, diet, and sleep.
The detailed onboarding health
questionnaire also included questions about the current medications I was
taking and asked me to describe my chronic pain symptoms and their severity.
The next step was a true/false
questionnaire that gave preliminary information about an individual’s likely
genetic profile.
Some of the questions included:
Do you avoid consuming any food and drink because they
cause you problems?
Would you say you have regular bowel movements?
If applicable, do you have what you class as a
normal menstrual cycle? Any concerns
to mention?
Are there any habits or lifestyle changes you want to
introduce?
What
a diet for chronic pain looks like
The first stage of the nutrition program is usually
four weeks. However, as I had international travel planned, the first half of
my program was condensed to 21 days.
The nutrition team at Revive said this phase was
designed to clear out the digestive system of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Source,
which are bacterial toxins that are present in gram-negative bacteria — in
other words, all living organisms deal with LPS. This diet was a reset to get
the digestive system back to ground zero and rebuild its immunity up from
there.
The diet involved cutting out sugar. Source,
which was aimed at reducing the level of lipopolysaccharides in my digestive
system. As the number of lipopolysaccharides reduces in the mucin layer of the
gastrointestinal system, the number of them ‘leaking through’ the
gastrointestinal tract also decreases. This can help M1 macrophages, which are
pro-inflammatory, to switch to M2 macrophages, which are anti-inflammatory and can help repair the
gut.
The most challenging part of this stage was eliminating
many foods and food groups from my diet. I was instructed to cut out all
inflammatory foods, such as processed sugar, alcohol, a majority of
carbohydrates, dairy, and even nightshade vegetables such
as eggplants and tomatoes. My shopping list
consisted of organic, grass-fed butter and meats, tofu, miso, cabbage, zucchini, leafy greens,
berries, and 90% dark chocolate.
The best part of this diet was that I was allowed to
consume a lot of healthy fats — mainly in the form of olive oil and avocado, which are known for
their anti-inflammatory properties. Source.
Probiotics
for chronic pain
The second phase of the program involved introducing
various prebiotic and probiotic foods and
supplements to my diet, which also lasted for another 21 days. Some of the
strains of gut bacteria the Revive nutrition team wanted to target, in my case,
were Akkermansia muciniphila, and Bifidobacteria.
A. muciniphila. Source can
help thicken the mucin layer in the gut, therefore reducing permeability. It
can also control the genes that store fat and manage blood sugar.
Bifidobacteria. Source, on the
other hand, promotes the production of a short-chain fatty acid called
butyrate. Butyrate is crucial for immunity and can help improve gut
permeability.
Human and animal studies. Source have
shown that both of these probiotic bacteria can be enhanced via dietary interventions. Source.
However, the program I tested
did not offer gut microbiome testing to track any of these changes via blood or stool
tests, which is an area where the science is very new.
Besides dietary changes, I was
also advised to incorporate some well-being practices into my daily routine,
such as yoga/breathing practices and grounding exercises.
Sleep was another component I had to keep track of,
and I was encouraged to get 7-8 hours of sleep every night.
Did the program ‘cure’ my chronic pain?
In short, no, but neither does Revive claim it will.
However, thanks to new nutrition and lifestyle habits I’ve incorporated into my
life since being on the program, I have managed to reduce the dosage of my
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and experience less frequent
episodes of pain.
Since I ended the program, I have not had to use
painkillers daily for joint pain. I have only had to
use painkillers on four occasions within the last six months.
One big takeaway for me from the program is that when my gut health is disturbed, I tend to experience flare-ups of pain, which serves to show the role of the gut microbiome in pain.
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