Anxiety, burnout and depression - mental health issues nurses in India faced during COVID-19

The common mental health issues experienced by the Indian nurses were fear, burnout, anxiety and fatigue, followed by stress, depression, insomnia and work-life imbalance. Similar kinds of mental health issues were experienced by nurses around the world. Other issues included mental fatigue, phobia, grief, insecurity and helplessness. 

As part of frontline health care workers, nurses treated COVID-19 patients and helped them recover during the pandemic, although many of these personnel themselves faced several mental health issues due to the prevailing situation, especially during the second wave, a study has found.

The study paper published in Indian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing by G Balamurugan, G Radhakrishnan and M Vijayarani, says that fear, burnout, anxiety, fatigue, stress, depression and insomnia were some common mental health issues faced by the Indian nurses at that time.

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/mental-health-issues-nurses-in-india-faced-during-covid-19/article66548830.ece

Omicron subvariant XBB.1.5 accounts for 85% new Covid cases in US

The highly transmissible Omicron subvariant XBB.1.5 now accounts for 85 per cent of all Covid-19 cases reported in the US this week, according to the latest estimates of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The prevalence of XBB.1.5 kept increasing since late last year -- up from 79.2 per cent last week and 71.9 per cent two weeks prior, Xinhua news agency reported citing the estimates as saying.

XBB.1.5 is growing in proportion in all regions nationwide, according to the CDC.

BQ.1.1 remains the second most prevalent strain at 9.4 per cent.

The CDC first started tracking XBB.1.5 in November last year, when it accounted for less than 1 per cent of cases nationwide.

Since then, the strain is spreading quickly in the US.

Early study suggests XBB.1.5 has a couple of concerning mutations that suggest it is even more contagious than other strains, possibly the most transmissible one so far.

While XBB.1.5 is spreading easier, scientists said it does not seem to cause more severe disease.

The US still remains the worst-ht country in the world with the highest number of Covid-19 cases and deaths.

As of Saturday morning, the country's overall number of cases and fatalities stood at 105,169,945 and 1,144,441, respectively.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/omicron-subvariant-xbb-1-5-accounts-for-85-new-covid-cases-in-us-482970

FDA authorises combination flu-covid test for home use

The Food and Drug Administration on Friday approved the first combination test for flu and covid-19 that can be used at home, giving consumers an easy way to determine if a runny nose is caused by either disease.

The Lucira covid-19 & Flu Home test, which can be purchased without a prescription, uses self-collected nasal swab samples and delivers results in about 30 minutes, the agency said.

While at-home covid tests are readily available, this is the first home test for influenza A and B, commonly known as the flu. The test was granted an emergency use authorisation, which facilitates the availability of “medical counter-measures” during public health emergencies.

Jeff Shuren, director of the FDA’s Centre for Devices and Radiological Health, called the authorisation “a major milestone in bringing greater consumer access to diagnostic tests that can be performed entirely at home”.

The agency said the test is for individuals “with signs and symptoms consistent with a respiratory tract infection" and said it can be used on children as young as two, with adults collecting the samples.

It recommends that tests be reported to health-care providers and cautions that there is a risk of false positive and negative results. “Individuals who test negative and continue to experience

symptoms of fever, cough and-or shortness of breath may still have a respiratory infection and should seek follow-up care with their health-care provider,” the agency said.

Citing the impact of covid and RSV, another respiratory infection, the FDA said it “recognises the benefits that home testing can provide” and would work to increase the number of tests available.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/fda-authorises-combination-flu-covid-test-for-home-use-482986

Insomniacs at greater risk of heart attack: Study

Insomnia may include trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting good quality sleep

People who suffer from insomnia were 69 per cent more likely to have a heart attack compared to those who do not have the sleep disorder, according to new research.

Researchers from the Alexandria University in Egypt found that people who slept five or less hours a night were 1.38 and 1.56 times more likely to experience a heart attack compared with those who slept six and seven to eight hours a night, respectively.

"Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder, but in many ways it's no longer just an illness, it's more of a life choice. We just don't prioritise sleep as much as we should," said Yomna E. Dean, a medical student at the University.

Insomnia may include trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting good quality sleep.

The study, published online in the journal Clinical Cardiology, stressed that "insomnia should be considered a risk factor for developing a heart attack, and we need to do a better job of educating people about how dangerous (lack of good sleep) can be", Dean said.

For their analysis, the researchers conducted a systematic review of the literature that yielded 1,226 studies and of these, nine studies originating from the US, UK, Norway, Germany, Taiwan and China were selected for inclusion.

The team assessed data for 1,184,256 adults. The association between insomnia and heart attack remained significant across all subgroups of patients, including younger and older age, follow-up duration (more or less than five years), male and female sex, and common comorbidities (diabetes, high blood pressure or cholesterol).

"Not surprisingly, people with insomnia who also had high blood pressure, cholesterol or diabetes had an even higher risk of having a heart attack than those who didn't," Dean said. "People with diabetes who also have insomnia had a two-fold likelihood of having a heart attack." In a separate analysis, the researchers found that disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep -- that is, trouble falling or staying asleep -- were also tied to a 13 per cent increased likelihood of heart attack compared with people without these symptoms.

"Practice good sleep hygiene; the room should be dark, quiet and on the cooler side, and put away devices. Do something that is calming to wind down, and if you have tried all these things and still can't sleep or are sleeping less than five hours, talk with your doctor," Dean said.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/insomniacs-at-greater-risk-of-heart-attack-study-483321

Can we reverse ageing and lifestyle diseases? You can certainly slow it down and feel younger. Here’s how

Some studies have shown that healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular physical activity, a 
nutritious diet, daily exposure to sunlight for 10-20 minutes and stress management can help
slow the ageing process, says functional medicine expert and celebrity health coach Vijay
Thakkar
 
Longevity expert Dr Mark Hyman advocates a functional approach to healthy living and
reversing lifestyle diseases through lifestyle modification, such as consuming a nutrition-rich
diet and other interventions for robust vitality. As per recent reports, he claims his biological
age is 20 years younger than his chronological age. So though he is 63, his body is as healthy
as a 43-year-old’s. He attributes this to several factors, including diet, exercise, stress
reduction and sleep.
 
Given the current research findings in the health and anti-ageing field, Dr Hyman may have
made lifestyle choices associated with robust health and lifespan. For example, he has
advocated his early morning routine of coffee drinking and meditation, regular strength
training, a protein-rich plant-based diet, creatine supplementation, regular steam, ice bath and
adequate sleep as secrets to his robust health. These lifestyle factors have been shown to
positively impact various health markers and ageing, such as inflammation, bone mass loss,
joint pain, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity.
 
While reversing the biological clock is impossible, adopting a healthy lifestyle can help slow
ageing and make you feel younger. Some studies have shown that healthy lifestyle habits,
such as regular physical activity, a nutritious diet, daily exposure to sunlight for 10-20
minutes, and stress management, can help slow the ageing process.
 
There are various methods of measuring biological age, including DNA methylation analysis,
telomere length measurement, and several other biomarkers of ageing. These methods can
estimate the age of a person’s cells and indicate their overall biological age. However, the
specific tests or measures Dr Hyman has used to determine his biological age need to be
clarified.
 
While no longitudinal controlled clinical trials have been conducted to confirm that a healthy
lifestyle can reverse biological age by two decades, short-term studies and the current body of
evidence has documented that adopting healthy lifestyle habits can help improve various
health markers, such as insulin resistance, and even potentially slow ageing.
 
For instance, a research review published in the journal, Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition
and Metabolic Care found that individuals who engaged in regular exercise and had healthy
lifestyle behaviours possessed longer telomeres. These are protective caps on the ends of our
genetic material, the chromosomes, that shorten as we age. Longer telomeres have been
associated with a lower risk of age-related diseases and increased lifespan.
 
Another study published in the journal Circulation revealed that healthy lifestyle habits, such
as not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and a healthy diet, were
correlated with a lower risk of heart disease and other chronic diseases, which can contribute
to a slowing down of biological age.
 
In the Indian context, we can decelerate the rate at which our cells age by using a
combination of healthy lifestyle measures, and thus we can improve our overall health and
reduce the risk of age-related degeneration and diseases such as excessive weight gain,
osteoporosis, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, cancer and dementia. Following
are some of the ways a healthy lifestyle can help reduce biological age:
 
1. Avoiding harmful habits: Smoking, consuming tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption
and substance abuse can increase the risk of chronic diseases and accelerate ageing. Avoiding
these habits would be your first and the most crucial step that can help improve overall health
and reduce the risk of age-related diseases.
 
2. A Gutsy Diet: A diet rich in home-made fermented foods, chutneys and pickles made from
fruits and vegetables, improves the gut microbiome, absorption of nutrients from the food we
eat and thus our mental health. Additionally, consuming slow digesting carbohydrates foods
such as millets, fermented whole grains, foods rich in protein such as sprouted beans, pulses,
legumes, eggs, seafood and meat, and healthy fats from nuts, seeds, ghee, and coconut oil can
provide the body with the nutrients to support good health and slow the ageing process. These
nutrients are essential for the body’s healthy functioning as they support bone and muscle
health, allowing hormones necessary for optimal functioning to be well balanced.
Hormonal balance in the body is vital to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes,
heart disease, and cancer—in addition, consuming traditional Indian spices like turmeric,
ginger and garlic, which have anti-inflammatory properties, supports health. My meals are
only complete with consuming some fermented foods such as curd, apple cider vinegar or
some form of homemade “achaar” or pickles made of vegetables.
 
3. Regular Exercise: Regular body movement improves blood circulation and removes
harmful toxins through sweat, which helps reduce inflammation in the body and, therefore,
can help maintain a healthy weight, improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of
chronic diseases. In the Indian context, traditional practices of an art form like yoga can also
be beneficial. My early morning running routine, followed by meditation, helps me start the
day positively with a well-balanced autonomous brain function throughout the day that
controls and keeps breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and digestive function healthy.
 
4. Stress Management: Chronic stress can increase inflammation and blood pressure and
accelerate ageing. Stress-reducing techniques like meditation, mindfulness, or breathing
exercises can help reduce stress and improve overall well-being.
5. Regular 7-8 Hours sleep: Getting sufficient rest and recovery is essential for maintaining
good physical and mental health, and poor sleep quality has been associated with accelerated
ageing. In the Indian context, practices like pranayama and Ayurvedic remedies with herbs
such as Ashwagandha can also promote better sleep.
 
It is important to note that biological age is a complex concept influenced by several factors,
including genetics, environment and lifestyle choices. While making healthy lifestyle choices
can improve health and potentially slow the ageing process, there is no guarantee that
everyone following these recommendations will experience the same benefits Dr Hyman
claims to have experienced.
Therefore, while it’s unclear whether a healthy lifestyle can reverse biological age by 20
years, adopting healthy habits can help slow down ageing and help you feel younger and
healthier.

https://indianexpress.com/article/health-wellness/can-we-reverse-ageing-and-lifestylediseases-
you-can-certainly-slow-it-down-and-feel-younger-heres-how-8463733/
 

‘India better be prepared for the 16.9 million people who will live with dementia in 2036’

The AIIMS-USC study shows dementia is much higher in rural areas, possibly because of 
low levels of education and awareness. The uneven distribution of cases across states and 
sub-populations means control protocols require different levels of local planning and
support, says Dr AB Dey, AIIMS

 

A countrywide study conducted to gauge the prevalence of dementia has found that the

condition is prevalent among 7.4 per cent of seniors, doubling earlier than expected, with

older estimates having predicted a surge by 2030. It is higher among women, almost double

than that of men. If the current rate of prevalence holds, then the number of people with

dementia is projected to reach 16.9 million in 2036 as India’s older Indian population

increases.

 

The study was conducted by researchers from the University of Southern California (USC)

and AIIMS-Delhi, in collaboration with 18 other institutes, including Mumbai’s JJ Hospital.

The findings were published in “Alzheimer’s & Dementia,” the journal of the Alzheimer’s

Association. Dr AB Dey, professor and former HOD of Geriatric Medicine, AIIMS, who was

part of the study, says the research will now be conducted every two-and-a-half years and

will go on till 2040 in phases.

 

What was the study all about?

It’s a GoI project and was started in 2009 under the national programme for the healthcare of

the elderly. This was a part of the main study and the second phase will begin soon. We

analysed 32,000 subjects from the 60+ population and looked at their brain ageing more

intensely to understand the extent of dementia in India.

 

How did the study diagnose dementia in the sample population?

Dementia diagnosis is questionnaire-based and there is no gold standard like you do for

diabetes or Covid and categorise the result as negative or positive. It’s a complex diagnostic

process of mapping or examining various parts of brain function, speech capability, thinking

capability and memory. Then the questionnaire makes a composite score and concludes that a

person may have dementia or not.

 

As per the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), a sample of adults over and above 60

were recruited and were subjected to a rich battery of neuropsychological tests and an

informant interview between 2018 and 2020. The study was conducted state-wise, using the

2011 census listing directory of districts, sub-districts (tehsils), which were the primary

sampling units. Researchers conducted door-to-door household interviews. For large states, a

larger sample size proportionate to the population was considered. In addition, we

oversampled individuals aged 65 and older to achieve a better representation of this group.

 

What were the causes behind dementia?

The number one cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s Disease but it was difficult to segregate it

from vascular dementia or frontotemporal dementia as the study was largely based on field

work. It doesn’t matter really because from a socio economic and care-giving point of view,

all of them would require a similar disease management protocol.

Different levels of education led to differences in various dementia risk factors across states,

such as under-nutrition, uncontrolled cardiovascular disease and exposure to indoor air

pollution. If prevalence stays the same, the number of people with dementia is projected to

reach 16.9 million in 2036 due to an increase in our older population.

 

What were the other important findings?

The cross-state variation in dementia prevalence was found to be considerable, with the

lowest prevalence in Delhi at 4.5 per cent and the highest in Jammu and Kashmir at 11 per

cent. According to the research, there were wide variations across gender and geographical

locations.

 

What are the differences between rural and urban areas?

The study showed dementia is much higher in rural areas, possibly because of low levels of

education and awareness. And since the burden of dementia cases is unevenly distributed

across states and sub-populations, control protocols might, therefore, require different levels

of local planning and support.

 

What was the reason behind the higher prevalence rate in Jammu and Kashmir? Could posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) be the cause?

The Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences was gathering samples but we are yet to

find out the reasons behind the higher prevalence rate in Jammu and Kashmir. We will find

answers during phase two of our study. But what I can tell you is that dementia is correlated

with hypertension, hearing loss, visual impairment and nutritional deficiencies.

 

Why Dr Dey?

Are high-fibre carbs key for reversing diabetes?

Dr A B Dey is Professor and Head, Department of Geriatric Medicine, former Dean

(Research), Nodal Officer, National Centre for Ageing, AIIMS. He has authored many

research papers and has been instrumental in establishing Geriatric Medicine as a subspeciality

in India. His findings have been the basis and evidence for policy formulation and

action. He has had a role in the development of the National Programme for Health Care of

older people. He has been Chairman of the committee to develop ICE material for the

National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,

GoI.

https://indianexpress.com/article/health-wellness/dementia-17-million-people-2036-indiahealth-8463856/

Is removing fallopian tubes the best way to prevent cancer in women at high risk?

 

High cholesterol signs in fingers and toes

Keeping the cholesterol in control is crucial:

It is important for everyone to keep an eye on their cholesterol levels. Tingling in the hands

and legs is caused by interruptions in the blood flow to specific body parts. High blood

cholesterol levels cause the blood to flow thickly, which interferes with the normal flow of

blood to the nerves and results in tingling.

Factors that lead to high cholesterol:

Dr. Tanmai Yermal Jain, Consultant - Cardiology, Manipal Hospitals, Kharadi, Pune says,

"Several concerning diseases and situations are made more likely by high cholesterol levels.

Aside from eating meals high in fat, smoking, drinking, not exercising, and being overweight

are other factors that contribute to the build-up of cholesterol in our systems. This may result

in blood vessel blockages and perhaps fatal conditions including heart attacks or strokes."

Painful finger and toes:

High cholesterol can also be indicated by painful fingers and toes. Cholesterol build-up in the

hands and legs' blood arteries can make them hurt to touch. Another sign of elevated

cholesterol levels that is frequently present is tingling in the fingers and toes.

Yellow cholesterol deposits on palm:

Dr. Yermal says, "Hyper cholesterol will have yellowish-colored deposits on the skin,

especially around the eye and sometimes in the palm and the back of the lower legs. It is

called Xanthelasma, if it is around the eye and xanthomas if the cholesterol deposit is there in

any other part of the body like hands or legs. High cholesterol does not cause numbness in the

fingertips."

Yellow and orange deposits on eyes:

There are small yellowish and orange-coloured growths or deposits on the skin especially on

the upper eyelid or on the palms of the hands or the lower part of the leg. If the condition

reaches hyper triglyceride levels, there is a formation of clusters of fatty deposits in the body.

Hyper cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia lead to cardiovascular and neurological diseases

in the patient.

The Takeaway:

To prevent the disease, make sure that your lifestyle modification, diet modification, and

regular exercise are taken care of. If the condition is on the higher side, medications must be

started to keep hitting the optimal situation.

Ensure you're working out every day and consuming a healthy diet rich in all micro and

macronutrients. Spend your day actively all day by walking and taking the stairs instead of

the lift. Keeping your mind at ease may also benefit you. Try to meditate and do breathing

exercises to keep your mind healthy and stress-free.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/high-cholesterolsigns-

in-fingers-and-toes/photostory/98126188.cms

Pyrexia or fever may be a key sign that cancer has spread, especially in case of blood cancer

 Pyrexia or fever may be a key sign that cancer has spread, especially in case of blood

cancer (The Times of India: 20230224)

How fever is linked to cancer

Cancer’s ability to invade tissue is one of the main driving forces behind metastasis or the

spread of cancer to other parts of the body. An increase in your body temperature can be a

sign that a tumor is invading nearby tissue. Pyrexia is the medical term for a raised body

temperature or fever, which is a common reaction to infection or illness.

More prevalent in blood cancers

When pyrexia is present in cancer patients, it is usually a sign that cancer has spread or is

advanced. According to Cancer Research UK, “it can be very uncomfortable and cause a lot

of concern for you and those looking after you.” Pyrexia or fever is a common symptom of

all types of cancer. Some research states that this symptom is more prevalent in blood cancers

like leukemia and lymphoma.

Fever in other common cancers

Common cancers like breast cancer, lung cancer and bowel cancer are less likely to cause

fever. However, Cancer Research UK explains that a person with these cancers may also

develop fever if their tumor has spread to the liver. It may also indicate that the cancer is

causing a blockage somewhere in the body.

What causes fever?

It is not clear why some cancers cause fever more than others. One theory is that certain

diseases produce toxins, which can cause fever. According to the Roswell Park

Comprehensive Cancer Centre, pyrogens may have a role in cancer fever. “A tumor can

produce pyrogens, cause an infection that produces pyrogens, or interfere with the normal

functioning of the hypothalamus.” A pyrogen is a substance (infectious organisms or their

product toxins or cytokines) that provokes fever.Read more: MRI scan: What diseases can

this test detect?

Hot flashes and night sweats

Fever is an evident sign of inflammatory reactions taking place in the body, notes the Herald

Scholarly Open Access journal. The body may respond to fever by sweating, to help heat

escape the body. This is a reason why cancer patients often experience hot flashes and night

sweats before diagnosis.

When to see a doctor?

It is best to not ignore your fever and consult your doctor as soon as you experience it. Early

treatment of an infection or fever can prevent more serious complications in future. It's

important to note that in cancer patients receiving treatment, pyrexia or fever could be a side

effect of the medication, instead of being a symptom of the disease.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/pyrexia-or-fevermay-

be-a-key-sign-that-cancer-has-spread-especially-in-case-of-bloodcancer/photostory/98122267.cms

Low estrogen levels paired with higher CGRP levels may jump-start migraine: Study

In those with regular menstrual cycles, the samples were taken during menstruation when

estrogen levels are low and around the time of ovulation, when levels are the highest. In those

taking oral contraceptives, samples were taken during the hormone-free time and the

hormone-intake time.

As estrogen levels fluctuate, a new study has found for female participants with migraine,

their levels of the protein calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that plays a key role in

starting the migraine process also fluctuate. The study is published in the online issue of

Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.

"This elevated level of CGRP following hormonal fluctuations could help to explain why

migraine attacks are more likely during menstruation and why migraine attacks gradually

decline after menopause," said study author Bianca Raffaelli, MD, of Charite --

Universitatsmedizin Berlin in Germany. "These results need to be confirmed with larger

studies, but we're hopeful that they will help us better understand the migraine process."

The study involved three groups of female participants with episodic migraine. All had at

least three days with migraine in the month before the study. The groups were those with a

regular menstrual cycle, those taking oral contraceptives, and those who had gone through

menopause. Each group was compared to a group of female participants of similar ages who

did not have migraine. Each group had 30 people, for a total of 180.

Researchers collected blood and tear fluid to determine CGRP levels. In those with regular

menstrual cycles, the samples were taken during menstruation when estrogen levels are low

and around the time of ovulation, when levels are the highest. In those taking oral

contraceptives, samples were taken during the hormone-free time and the hormone-intake

time. Samples were taken once from postmenopausal participants at a random time.

The study found that female participants with migraine and a regular menstrual cycle had

higher CGRP concentrations during menstruation than those without migraine. Those with

migraine had blood levels of 5.95 picograms per milliliter (pg/ml) compared to 4.61 pg/ml for

those without migraine. For tear fluid, those with migraine had 1.20 nanograms per milliliter

(ng/ml) compared to 0.4 ng/ml for those without migraine.

In contrast, female participants taking oral contraceptives and in postmenopause had similar

CGRP levels in the migraine and non-migraine groups.

"The study also suggests that measuring CGRP levels through tear fluid is feasible and

warrants further investigation, as accurate measurement in the blood is challenging due to its

very short half-life," Raffaelli said. "This method is still exploratory, but it is non-invasive."

Raffaelli noted that while hormone levels were taken around the time of ovulation, they may

not have been taken exactly on the day of ovulation, so the fluctuations in estrogen levels

may not be fully reflected.

This story has been published from a wire agency feed without modifications to the text.

Only the headline has been changed.

https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/low-estrogen-levels-paired-with-highercgrp-

levels-may-jump-start-migraine-study-101677210594948.html

Psychedelic drug linked to a long-term reduction in anxiety, depression: Study

According to the findings, people who scored the highest on questionnaires assessing the

mystical and insightful nature of their experiences reported consistent improvements in their

anxiety and depression symptoms.

According to a new study, a more mystical and insightful psychedelic drug experience may

be linked to a long-term reduction in anxiety and depression symptoms.

The research was published online recently in the Journal of Affective Disorders.

Researchers used machine learning to analyse data from nearly 1,000 survey respondents

about their previous non-clinical experiences with psychedelic drugs. According to the

findings, people who scored the highest on questionnaires assessing the mystical and

insightful nature of their experiences reported consistent improvements in their anxiety and

depression symptoms.

The analysis also suggests that a challenging experience while on these substances, one that

feels frightening or destabilizing, can have beneficial results, especially in the context of

mystical and insightful experiences. This could be helpful for practitioners to know as they

guide patients through clinical trials testing psychedelics' therapeutic potential.

"Sometimes the challenge arises because it's an intensely mystical and insightful experience

that can, in and of itself, be challenging," said senior author Alan Davis, assistant professor

and director of the Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education in The Ohio State

University College of Social Work.

"In the clinical research setting, folks are doing everything they can to create a safe and

supportive environment. But when challenges do come up, it's important to better understand

that challenging experiences can actually be related to positive outcomes."

The study is the first to characterize subtypes of the subjective psychedelic experience and

link them to mental health outcomes. The data came from previous work Davis led consisting

of an anonymous internet-based survey of people who reported having a moderate to strong

psychedelic experience in the past and resulting changes to their symptoms of anxiety and

depression - regardless of the level of those symptoms before the psychedelic experience.

The 985 participants whose responses were analyzed in this study described substances they

had used and completed questionnaires evaluating the extent to which their psychedelic

experience was mystical (evoking a sense of pure awareness, positive mood and/or

transcendence of time and space that is difficult to describe in words), psychologically

insightful (eliciting acute insight into memories, emotions, relationships, behaviors or

beliefs), or challenging. Outcomes assessed in the survey included depression and anxiety

symptom levels and ratings of satisfaction with life and psychological flexibility - one's

capacity to act in ways that are consistent with their values regardless of whatever internal or

external experience they might have - before and after using the psychedelic.

The sample included users of psilocybin (magic mushrooms), LSD, Ayahuasca, mescaline,

peyote cactus and 5-MeO-DMT, the natural psychedelic substance in the venom of the

Colorado River toad, with the estimated dose level of the single drug use they recalled.

The data analysis yielded three distinct subtypes of psychedelic experiences:

High scoring, combining high scores on the mystical and insightful assessments with

moderate scores on the challenging assessment.

Low scoring, with low to moderate scores on mystical and insightful experiences and low

scores on the challenging scale.

Positive scoring, with high scores for mystical and insightful experiences and low scores on

the challenging assessment.

"The group that had the highest insightful and mystical experiences and low challenging

experiences showed the most benefit in terms of remission of anxiety and depression

symptoms and other longer lasting benefits to their life," said first author Aki Nikolaidis, an

affiliate of Ohio State's Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education (CPDRE) and a

research scientist in the Center for the Developing Brain at the Child Mind Institute.

When the researchers analyzed only data from participants who had used psilocybin and

LSD, the same patterns emerged: Three distinct subtypes that were associated with the same

outcomes, including benefits to mental health even after a challenging experience. That

replication speaks to the importance of the subjective experience for psychedelics users,

Nikolaidis said.

"Identifying subtypes that exist regardless of which psychedelic you take answers an

interesting question," he said. "But the fact that we found that they're associated with specific

outcomes, and replicated that finding, really shows why it's important to understand the

powerful nature of what is happening subjectively and its potential to yield a beneficial

outcome."

A few trends also stood out: The positive scoring group whose experience could be

considered optimal - high scores on mysticism and insight and low scores on challenges -

tended to be younger than participants in the other groups. Among individuals who scored

highest on challenging experiences, there was a higher proportion of people who had taken

large doses of the psychedelic drugs. And the low scoring subtype had lower psychological

flexibility, anxiety and depression scores before the psychedelic experience, and lower

improvements in those symptoms and satisfaction with life than the other two subtypes.

Davis said he will be watching to see if these subtypes of experiences apply in the clinical

setting, where psilocybin-assisted therapy is being studied at Ohio State for the treatment of

post-traumatic stress disorder among military veterans.

"Finding the variety of other outcomes that these subtypes might be related to is an

interesting next step," he said. "These could include adaptive or functional outcomes in

people's quality of life or well-being, or a better understanding of their life's purpose or

relationships."

https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/psychedelic-drug-linked-to-a-long-termreduction-

in-anxiety-depression-study-101677210632935.html

Lifestyle changes to manage Hypothyroidism: Diet, exercise, and stress reduction

Whether you're newly diagnosed or have been living with hypothyroidism for years, it's

important to understand the best practices for managing your symptoms and improving your

overall wellbeing. Check out three important lifestyle changes that can help you to manage

hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism can be a challenging condition to manage, but with the right strategies, it's

possible to live a full and healthy life.

Are you struggling to manage your hypothyroidism? You’re not alone. In recent years,

hypothyroidism is increasingly seen in the Indian population. It is a condition where the

thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone. This hormone is responsible for

regulating the metabolism of the body, a deficiency of which can have an impact on your

energy levels, weight, and overall health. Hypothyroidism can be a challenging condition to

manage, but with the right strategies, it's possible to live a full and healthy life. Whether

you're newly diagnosed or have been living with hypothyroidism for years, it's important to

understand the best practices for managing your symptoms and improving your overall

wellbeing. (Also read: How Hypothyroidism increases chances of Infertility: Radiologist

shares insights)

Nutritionist and wellness consultant Sheela Krishnaswamy shares three important lifestyle

changes to manage hypothyroidism with HT Lifestyle.

1. Healthy snacking

Eating a healthy, balanced diet can help manage your weight which is a result of

hypothyroidism. Including a handful of almonds, every day may help control weight gain to

some extent, which is a symptom of hypothyroidism. Almonds are a source of 15 nutrients

such as vitamin E, magnesium, protein, riboflavin, zinc etc. According to a study, consuming

43 grams of dry-roasted, lightly salted almonds every day reduced hunger and improved

dietary vitamin E and monounsaturated (“good”) fat intake without increasing body weight.

They may have satiating properties that promote feelings of fullness, which may keep hunger

at bay between meals. Snacking smart with almonds is a small yet great change that can aid

in managing weight better. Alternate healthy snack items include fresh fruit, a small cup of

muesli or a cup of sprouts.

2. Exercise regularly

Regular exercise may help manage hypothyroidism by boosting metabolism and energy

levels. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week of 150 minutes (1.5 hr), which must

include brisk walking and toning exercises, as well as some weight training in between helps

in maintaining muscle mass which works on the metabolism. Low-impact workout routines

may also be beneficial for managing stress and improving flexibility.

3. Get enough sleep and manage stress

Adequate sleep is crucial for overall health and well-being. Hypothyroidism can cause

fatigue, so it is important to get enough sleep each night. Try to get at least 7-8 hours of sleep

every night and stick to a sleep schedule. Hypothyroidism could also be stressful to some

persons, so it is important to find ways to manage stress. Meditation, yoga, and deep

breathing exercises may help reduce stress levels and promote relaxation.

Managing hypothyroidism can be challenging, but with the right care and lifestyle changes, it

is possible to live a healthy, normal life. By taking your medication as prescribed by your

physician, eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, managing stress, and going for

regular check-ups, you can successfully manage your hypothyroidism.

https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/lifestyle-changes-to-managehypothyroidism-

diet-exercise-and-stress-reduction-101677153928796.html

What is a stem cell transplant?

A third patient was reported HIV-free this week after receiving a stem cell transplant. Here's

everything you need to know about the procedure.

Mouse cells used for stem cell research at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular

Biomedicine, where researchers are looking into stem cell therapies.

A study published February 9 declared a third person free of HIV after receiving a specific

type of bone marrow, or stem cell, transplant. The 53-year-old man, who researchers are

calling the "Düsseldorf" patient, received the treatment in 2013 and has been monitored

since.

Like the two others — known as the "Berlin" and "London" patients, respectively — the man

was positive for Type 1 HIV (HIV-1) and received a specific type of stem cell transplant to

help treat a cancer diagnosis.

Both the Düsseldorf and Berlin patients had leukemia, while the London patient had

Hodgkin's lymphoma.

What are stem cells?

"Stem cell" is an umbrella term that refers to cells that are constantly dividing and have the

potential to form different cell types.

Most of the body's cells are very specialized and can't change type — they will be stuck as

heart muscle cells, neurons or intestine wall cells for the rest of their "lives".

In contrast, stem cells are more like teenagers about to graduate high school.

They have the potential to become pretty much anything — a lawyer, nurse, scientist,

journalist, influencer or TikToker — and must adapt to new trends.

What are hematopoietic stem cells?

The three HIV-free patients all received an allogenic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

transplant.

The terms "bone marrow" and "stem cell" are often used interchangeably when talking about

this procedure, because there are HSCs in our bone marrow.

HSCs are a cell-producing machinery that can give rise to blood and immune system cells

through a process called hematopoiesis, which comes from two Greek words that together

mean "blood making".

You might not realize it, but every day HSCs produce around 300 billion new cells in your

bone marrow.

Different types of stem cells

But not all teenagers are equally flexible when it comes to figuring out what they want to

become. Some may be really into art, while others may be passionate about science and

incapable of drawing a tree.

Stem cells also have different types of potential. Some can generate many different cell types,

while others only a few.

Pluripotent stem cells can generate all the different types of cells required for an embryo to

develop. Multipotent stem cells, on the other hand, can only generate a few types of cells.

Adult humans have multipotent stem cells in parts of the body where the cells need constant

replenishment, like the skin, bones and gonads.

Scientists received the Nobel Prize in 2012 after proving it's possible to manipulate

 alreadydifferentiated

cells into becoming pluripotent again through a process called "cell

reprogramming".

Since then, stem cell therapy has become a very active field of research.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant

There are several types of stem cell therapies, and despite being harsh and risky, the HSC

transplant is the most popular.

The procedure attempts to fix unhealthy bone marrow by replacing it with healthy marrow

from a donor. It treats conditions that are often life-threatening, like certain types of cancers

or blood/immune disorders such as sickle cell disease.

Stem cell transplants are classified by the origin of the stem cells that are being transplanted.

For example, if the cells come from the body of the person who is being treated, the

procedure is called an autologous stem cell transplant. If they come from someone else, it's

considered allogenic.

Each of the three HIV-free patients received an allogenic HSC transplant.

A high-risk transplant

Before receiving an HSC transplant, a patient is required to undergo a harsh "conditioning"

regimen, which can include chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Both treatments can have serious side effects, like infections, organ failure and even death.

They are conducted in order to destroy the patient's unhealthy bone marrow and heavily

suppress their immune system, which allows the transplant to properly integrate.

If the treatment is successful, the transplanted cells will trigger an immune reaction against

any residual cancer cells, helping clear them in what's called a graft-versus-tumour effect.

But things can go awry. In some cases, the donor's transplanted immune cells may start to

recognize the recipient's body as foreign and attack it, leading to graft-versus-host disease.

Graft-versus-host disease can affect the skin, the intestines and the liver. In some cases, it can

even be life-threatening.

Not a treatment for HIV

Due to its high risk, researchers from the three HIV-remission studies have repeatedly

cautioned that HSC transplants should not be seen as a treatment for HIV, which can be well

managed with anti-retroviral treatment.

Researchers across the world are still looking for a cure or vaccine for the virus.

https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/what-is-a-stem-cell-transplant-

101677135175611.html

Gut-healthy meals: Tips to build nutritionally balanced meal plan to support your gut health

The foods we do and do not consume have a major impact on the microbial composition in

the gut. Check out meals you should consume to boost your gut health and increase the good

gut bacteria.

Eating a nutritionally balanced meal that supports gut health can help maintain a healthy gut

microbiome and reduce the risk of digestive issues, inflammation, and chronic diseases.

Maintaining a healthy gut is crucial for overall health and well-being. A healthy gut contains

a balanced and diverse community of microorganisms that aid in digestion, support the

immune system, and produce essential nutrients. While a variety of factors can influence gut

health, including stress, medication, and lifestyle habits, diet plays a significant role in

promoting a healthy gut. Eating a nutritionally balanced meal that supports gut health can

help maintain a healthy gut microbiome and reduce the risk of digestive issues, inflammation,

and chronic diseases. Let's explore what is a nutritionally balanced meal that promotes a

healthy gut. 

1. Rainbow of plant-based food and dietary fibre

This will not only make your plate look great, but is also really important for the intake of

diverse fibre sources. Consuming adequate fibre supports your cardiovascular and digestive

health. It is also linked to glycaemic control for diabetes and maintaining a healthy weight.

Hence, complex carbs like millet, amaranth, quinoa, and lentils; fruit like berries, apples, and

citrus fruits; vegetables like zucchini, bell pepper, carrots, broccoli, etc. must be a part of

your daily meals.

2. Probiotics

Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms which can be found naturally in fermented foods

among others or in the form of supplements. Probiotic consumption has been linked to

disease prevention, immunity support and helps against gastrointestinal infections. Probiotics

can be found in kefir, pickles, tempeh, greek yogurt and drinks like Kombucha.

3. Prebiotics

If you include probiotics in your diet, they will need prebiotics to truly help your gut

improve. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that feed on probiotics in your gut.

They assist in further improving the immunity system, nervous system, cardiovascular health

and bone health. Foods rich in prebiotics are garlic, onion, ripe bananas, watermelon, apples,

cherries, cashews, chia seeds, pistachios, etc.

4. Good fats

Good fats take care of your gut. They improve your mood because 80% of our happy

hormone like serotonin, is produced in the gut. So when you consume sufficient good fats,

you will observe a positive change in your mood. Even your skin and hair health is tied down

to a good gut, therefore, you will see a difference in those aspects too.

https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/guthealthy-meals-tips-to-build-anutritionally-

balanced-meal-plan-to-support-your-gut-health-101677138223843.html

What does depression feel like? People share how they lived with it for years without knowing about it

There is nothingness, there is void, and you are submerged in an ocean of sad emotions. This is how words can be put together to describe depression.But when we look at personal accounts of people who have fought with depression, we learn how big this psychological malaise is.It damages one from within but the suffering remains disguised and keeps the person perplexed.

"Depression is a hole inside you"

Riley Anderson, shares on Quora the ordeal dealing with depression and anxiety. "The nothingness desperately needs to be filled. Its inky black tendrils grasp at everything important to you: your interests, your hobbies, your social life, your self esteem. The nothingness swallows everything," Riley writes.In a long post, Riley writes about the emptiness, sadness, brain fog, self-hatred, existential guilt, listlessness and lack of motivation."You have no hope for the future. You rarely, if ever, feel excited about anything. Nothing will ever get better. And, in the end, nothing matters anyway," Riley writes.

"Depression is hopelessness"

MAC, who says to have recovered from depression through cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, depression is the feeling that life is pointless. "Even performing the basic tasks of life becomes extremely difficult," MAC writes on Quora."Thing is, depression is your brain lying to you. Your life is no more pointless than the next person’s, and there’s always a reason to keep going. Unfortunately, you can’t see that when you’re in the depths. Because it can be fatal, seeking help for depression is vital," he writes and goes on to say how seeking help was one of the hardest things for him though that helped him recover from it.

"I didn't want to wake up in the morning"

For Sakshi, depression made it difficult for her to wake up in the morning.She writes: I was exhausted from everything mentally and physically. I didn't have the energy or motivation to focus on anything.I was not feeling hungry and thirsty. My whole day would pass without eating.I used to wake up several times in the night and cry a lot without any reason. I felt that I don't deserve any good things in my life. I was feeling hopeless and worthless.I was neither happy nor sad at that time. Doing things that used to make me happy no longer affected me .I felt like I had no purpose, I just wanted to be alone and at a peaceful place where no one bothered me.I had turned from an extrovert to an introvert, I was afraid of social gatherings. I used to get nervous, headache for no reason.Sometimes my heart used to beat very fast and it became difficult to breathe.10 signs you have ignored your mental health and why you shouldn't have.

These stories have a message for all of us

These stories tell us that depression silently resides in our mind and deepens its roots while we are entirely unaware of it. It also has physical implications like lethargy which feels like the one we get when we have a cold or flu. Anxiety also gives headaches, which are often dismissed and managed by having a pain relieving tablet.Depression also reduces one’s interest in food. Loss of appetite is overlooked easily these days. Irritability, disinterest in doing daily activities, lack of interest in meeting new people, ruminating over past incidents are also indicators of depression. We consider these signs as normal health issues and keep pushing ourselves to survive each day even when mentally and emotionally we are not ready to do that.

What are the signs of depression we should be knowing?

Hopeless outlook, lack of interest in everything, increased fatigue, sleep problems, nervousness, restlessness, feeling tense, feeling of danger, rapid heart rate, heavy sweating, muscle twitching, trouble focusing, irritability, change in appetite, unexplained weight loss or gain, talking about death and suicides and uncontrollable emotions are signs of depression.These signs, if persisting for a long time, should be managed properly with the help of an expert. Do not hesitate to ask for help. A help in time will save you from the damaging effects of this cruel disease.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/de-stress/what-does-depression-feel-like-people-share-how-they-lived-with-it-for-years-without-knowing-about-it/photostory/97774399.cms

MRI scan: What diseases can this test detect?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a type of scan where powerful and controlled magnetic fields, radio waves, and computer technology amalgamate to produce highly detailed images of the inside of the human body. Basically, it is a medical imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and computer-generated waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in your body.

Here’s what the expert says:

Dr. Aakaar Kapoor ,Medical Advisor and Chief Radiologist at City X Ray & Scan Clinic Pvt. Ltd. says, “It is a non-invasive technology that produces three-dimensional detailed anatomical images. MRI uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to produce these detailed images. It doesn’t use X-rays (radiation). It is often used for disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. Most MRI machines are large, tube-shaped magnets. A few advantages of MRI are that it offers radiation-free imaging with no side effects.”

MRI scan examination can be helpful in following:

Diagnose joint and bone disordersIdentify cardiovascular diseasesDetect the risk of breast cancerSpot spinal and brain problemsDiagnose womb and liver cancerDetect uterine abnormalities in women who are undergoing infertility treatmentEvaluate the causes of pelvic pain in women, including endometriosis and fibroidsDiagnose cysts, tumors, or other abnormalities in different parts of the body

The procedure

Before the MRI procedure, you need to wear a hospital gown and remove all metal objects from your body. During the scan, you are required to lie flat on a retractable table with your chest up. The table then goes inside a dome-shaped scanner with either your head or feet first.When you lie inside an MRI machine, the magnetic field temporarily realigns water molecules in your body. Radio waves cause these aligned atoms to produce faint signals, which are used to create cross-sectional MRI images — like slices in a loaf of bread.To get accurate and in-depth images, it is important to remain still during the procedure. You may hear loud thumping or tapping noises during the scan but there is nothing to worry about. The noises happen when the electric current in the MRI scanner coil turns on and off.Individuals cannot go for an MRI scan if they have any metal objects inside their body, such as bullets, shrapnel, cochlear implants, pacemakers, etc.

After the test: Results & time taken for reports

“Depending on the part of the body being scanned and the number of images taken, the entire process may take 15 to 60 minutes. After the scan, an experienced radiologist will scrutinize the images and prepare a report, mentioning anomalies, if any,” says Dr. Kapoor.

Benefits of MRI scan

A non-invasive and painless imaging technique that does not involve exposure to radiation.MRI images of the soft-tissue structures of the body, such as the brain, spine, joints, heart, liver, and many other organs are likely to be identified more accurately.A valuable tool in diagnosing a broad range of conditions, including cancer, heart diseases, muscular and bone abnormalities, and more.

Fatty liver disease can lead to several life threatening diseases

Fatty liver disease is a condition where there is excess fat accumulation in the liver. This can either happen due to excessive alcohol consumption or else due to an unhealthy lifestyle.Fatty liver condition does not have any symptoms. But usually after a long time the patient is likely to be fatigued, lose weight and have abdominal pain.If left untreated fatty liver condition leads to diabetes, heart attacks and strokes.

Alternate day fasting is good for patients with fatty liver disease

Researchers at the University of Illinois Chicago have found that following an alternate day fasting diet and exercise improved the liver condition of those with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.For the study, the nutrition researchers studied 80 people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.“When we compared the results of our study groups, we saw clearly that the most improved patients were in the group that followed the alternate-day fasting diet and exercised five days a week,” Study author Krista Varady said. “The people who only dieted or only exercised did not see the same improvements, which reinforces the importance of these two relatively inexpensive lifestyle modifications on overall health and on combating chronic diseases like fatty liver disease,” Varady added.The paper titled "Effect of alternate day fasting combined with aerobic exercise on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial" is published in Cell Metabolism.

Brisk walking significantly reduces fatty liver

A study by the researchers at Pennsylvania State University-College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA found that 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic activity per week is enough to reduce liver fat. The study was published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology.While prior research suggested that physical activity was beneficial, it had not determined the specific amount of exercise needed to make clinically meaningful improvement, the researchers have said.

Mediterranean diet can be helpful in reducing the risk of fatty liver disease

A study by researchers from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that a Mediterranean diet, containing more green vegetables can reduce the risk of fatty liver disease by almost half."The so-called green Mediterranean diet—which includes daily consumption of green tea and an aquatic plant called Mankai, both of which contain beneficial compounds known as polyphenols—was also found to reduce liver fat more than the other two healthy diets tested during the study," the study, published on January 18, 2021 in Gut, has said.

Understanding the risk factors of fatty liver

In order to find the right remedy to counteract fatty liver one needs to understand the risk factors associated with it.Obesity, sleep apnea, high levels of triglycerides, hypothyroidism and diabetes increase the risk of fatty liver diseaseSometimes certain medications can also lead to accumulation of fat in the liver.

The conclusion

Fatty liver condition can be controlled by choosing a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight and exercise.One should understand the risk factors of fatty liver and then find the right remedy to it.Weight loss can reduce fat in the liver, inflammation and fibrosis.It is difficult to detect fatty liver as there are no specific symptoms. However if you have been experiencing abdominal pain and are fatigued you should get yourself tested for fatty liver. Fatty liver symptoms: 4 digestive problems that may signal advanced stages of fatty liver disease.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/fatty-liver-remedies-which-you-need-to-try-now/photostory/98116929.cms?picid=98116959

Symptom and viral rebound rare after untreated COVID-19 infection: Study

A combination of symptom and viral rebound after untreated COVID-19 infection is rare, occurring in only three per cent of study participants, an analysis of a COVID-19 trial has found.

Widespread use of nirmatrelvir -- a recommended treatment for outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 -- has been accompanied by reports of worsening symptoms and virologic rebound after treatment completion, the researchers said.

Virologic rebound has also been reported in persons who did not receive nirmatrelvir therapy, they said.

However, studies that can define the frequencies of symptom and viral rebound during the natural course of COVID-19 are lacking.

Researchers from Brigham and Women's Hospital in the US conducted an analysis of 563 participants receiving placebo in a trial.

The study, published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, found that a combination of symptom and high-level viral rebound occurred in only three per cent of participants.

Symptom rebound alone occurred in 26 per cent of participants 11 days after initial symptom onset and viral rebound alone occurred in 31 per cent of participants, the researchers said.

High-level viral rebound was observed in 13 per cent of participants, they said.

The researchers noted that both symptom and viral rebound were short, lasting only one day in most participants.

These results highlight the importance of accounting for underlying rates of symptom relapse in the absence of antiviral therapy when evaluating the effects of antiviral treatments, they added.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/symptom-and-viral-rebound-rare-after-untreated-covid-19-infection-study-481854

High blood pressure: Things that can influence your blood pressure reading

High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is one of the biggest risk factors of heart diseases including heart attack and stroke. It occurs when your blood pressure, which is the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your blood vessels, is consistently too high, explains the American Heart Association (AHA).

A normal blood pressure is considered to be less than 120/80 mmHg. If a person's blood pressure is consistently 140/90 mm Hg or higher, they could be diagnosed with high blood pressure.

However, the blood pressure range can fluctuate depending on several factors. Let's take a look at some of the things that can affect your blood pressure reading.

Check your blood pressure cuff; is it too small?

To have an accurate blood pressure reading, one must make sure they have the right blood pressure cuff size. Most blood pressure measurement errors occur when the patient's arm circumference does not fall within the range indicators on the cuff. This can increase a patient's systolic blood pressure measurement to 10 mmHg to 40 mmHg, studies suggest.Furthermore, avoid placing the cuff over a clothing and position it right over the arm or it could again give a wrong reading.

Stress and anxiety can affect your reading

Stress and anxiety can significantly influence your blood pressure reading. Due to the spike in cortisol levels, the heart rate can go up, resulting in a higher blood pressure. Being at the doctor's office or having your blood pressure checked can increase stress and anxiety, which again can affect your blood pressure. The trick is to relax.

Not resting before blood pressure reading can impact the numbers

Before taking your blood pressure measurement, it is important to rest and relax for 3-5 minutes. Make yourself comfortable on a chair so as to obtain accurate blood pressure reading.

Crossed legs, unsupported arms, back and feet

While getting your blood pressure measured, you must sit yourself down on a comfortable chair where you can rest and support your arms, back and feet. Reportedly, if your back is not supported, it could increase your diastolic blood pressure measurement by 6 mmHg. In addition, sit with an uncrossed leg or it could raise your systolic blood pressure by 2 to 8 mmHg.

Smoking, drinking, and before measurement

There are certain activities that you should avoid doing before getting your blood pressure measured. For instance, smoking and alcohol consumption can increase your systolic blood pressure measurement. Furthermore, talking while having your blood pressure taken can increase systolic blood pressure measurement by 10 to 15mmHg, studies suggest.

A full bladder

Interestingly, your blood pressure is lower when your bladder is empty. A full bladder can lead to an increased blood pressure reading. It can add up to 10 to 15 points. This is why you should always visit a restroom before getting your blood pressure measured.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/high-blood-pressure-things-that-can-influence-your-blood-pressure-reading/photostory/98087532.cms

How long does it take to lower high cholesterol levels?

Cholesterol levels of more than 200 mg/dL is considered to be high for the body. A cholesterol level of this magnitude continues to remain in the body, it deposits in the body leading to several complications one of which is heart attack. Cholesterol deposition on eyelids is known as xanthomas.High cholesterol deposits lead to several complications like chest pain, heart attack and stroke.

Statins coupled with healthy diet and exercise can lower cholesterol

Doctors recommend statins, commonly known as cholesterol lowering drugs, for those who have high cholesterol.Statin increases the liver's ability to remove the bad cholesterol or the low density lipoproteins from the blood and hence regulate the level of cholesterol in the body.Proper diet and healthy lifestyle habits can help the body get rid of high cholesterol. Health reports say exercises stimulate enzymes that help the liver remove bad cholesterol from the blood.

So, how long does it take to lower high cholesterol?

“Cholesterol levels can be reduced by both healthy diet and cholesterol lowering drugs, together with regular physical exercise,” says Dr Ravindra Gupta - Lead Consultant - Internal Medicine, CK Birla Hospital Gurgaon.“Initially, to bring the cholesterol level back to normal, medicines are prescribed by doctors for 3 months. Post this, patients are expected to follow up regularly with doctors until their cholesterol returns to a normal range,” says Dr Shashikant Nigam, Consultant, Internal Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Ahmedabad on the importance of medicines.“Cholesterol lowering drugs, called Statins, usually take 4 to 6 weeks for lowering cholesterol to acceptable levels. In people with very high LDL cholesterol above 190, higher doses of statins are needed to achieve targets quickly,” Dr Gupta says on the role of medicine in controlling cholesterol.

It depends on pre-existing condition of the body as well

"The time taken, however, depends upon the preexisting condition of the patient. For patients with preexisting conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or heart diseases, prolonged intake of medicines may be required to bring cholesterol back to normal levels. Once a patient is prescribed medicines for high cholesterol, they usually need to continue for a long period.

Medicines must be discontinued only after consulting a doctor," says Dr Nigam.He suggests: Patients with high cholesterol must avoid consuming inflammatory foods, items that contain trans- fat, meat, and vegetables cooked in large amounts of oil. Reducing the consumption of alcohol and smoking can also help keep cholesterol in check. Apart from this, good quality sleep, reducing weight, and walking at least 5 km every day is recommended. Sustained efforts to consume a healthy and balanced diet along with regular exercising are always recommended to lower high cholesterol.READMORE

Diet and exercise combined with medicine can speed up lowering cholesterol

“If drugs are combined with a healthy diet and exercise, the targets could be achieved much earlier in 2 to 4 weeks,” the expert says, stressing on the importance of physical activity and a healthy diet.Dr Gupta’s statement also breaks the common myth that medicines are sufficient enough to lower down cholesterol level. Many people stop doing physical activity soon after they are diagnosed with high cholesterol with the assumption that medicines are enough to lower it and putting so much stress on the body can affect the heart."Most patients with high cholesterol neglect the above advice of doctors because they believe that they can always take medicines to lower their cholesterol levels," Dr Nigam says.

LDL cholesterol level should always be checked

LDL cholesterol which is the bad cholesterol needs to be below 100 mg% for those who had heart attack, stroke, Stenting and Bypass and also those who are having diabetes, are smokers, have chronic kidney disease and strong family history of heart diseases, warns Dr Gupta.For all other healthy individuals, LDL cholesterol targets us below 130, he adds.

The takeaway message

Do not believe in myths or prevalent beliefs on high cholesterol. When you are dealing with health complications as such always trust medically certified information.If your doctor has recommended you to take statins, do not miss it any day. Check your cholesterol level regularly and update your doctor about its level.Keep yourself physically fit and active everyday. Include lots of seasonal fruits and vegetables in the diet.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/how-long-does-it-take-to-lower-high-cholesterol-levels/photostory/98092262.cms?picid=98092309

Free sugars associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Findings back up global dietary recommendation to keep free sugar consumption under 5% of total daily energy consumption

According to a study, a greater intake of free sugars - both added sugars and those present naturally in honey and fruit juice - is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The findings back up the global dietary recommendation to keep free sugar consumption under 5% of total daily energy consumption.

The findings of the study were published in BMC Medicine.

Rebecca Kelly and colleagues analysed data from 110,497 individuals from the UK Biobank who had completed at least two dietary assessments. The researchers tracked individuals for around 9.4 years and during this time, total cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke combined), heart disease, and stroke occurred in 4,188, 3,138, and 1,124 participants, respectively.

The authors found total carbohydrate intake was not associated with cardiovascular disease outcomes. However, when looking at the types and sources of carbohydrates consumed, they found that higher free sugar intake from foods such as sugary drinks, fruit juice and sweets, was associated with increased risk of all cardiovascular disease outcomes.

For each 5% higher total energy from free sugars, the associated risk of total cardiovascular disease was 7% higher. The authors found that the risk of heart disease was 6% higher, while the risk of stroke was 10% higher. Additionally, consuming five grams higher fibre per day was associated with 4% lower risk of total cardiovascular disease, but this association did not remain significant after accounting for body mass index (BMI).

The authors suggest that replacing free sugars with non-free sugars - mostly those naturally occurring in whole fruits and vegetables - and a higher fibre intake, may help protect against cardiovascular disease.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/free-sugars-associated-with-increased-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease-481267

Pandemic youth mental health toll unprecedented, data show

The pandemic took a harsh toll on U.S. teen girls’ mental health, with almost 60% reporting feelings of persistent sadness or hopelessness

Sexual violence, suicidal thoughts, suicidal behaviour and other mental health woes affected many teens regardless of race or ethnicity, but girls and LGBTQ youth fared the worst on most measures, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report.

Sexual violence, suicidal thoughts, suicidal behaviour and other mental health woes affected many teens regardless of race or ethnicity, but girls and LGBTQ youth fared the worst on most measures, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report. | Photo Credit: Getty Images/iStockphoto

The pandemic took a harsh toll on U.S. teen girls’ mental health, with almost 60% reporting feelings of persistent sadness or hopelessness, according to a government survey released Monday that bolsters earlier data.

Sexual violence, suicidal thoughts, suicidal behaviour and other mental health woes affected many teens regardless of race or ethnicity, but girls and LGBTQ youth fared the worst on most measures, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report. More than 17,000 U.S. high school students were surveyed in class in the fall of 2021.

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/pandemic-youth-mental-health-toll-unprecedented-data-show/article66507518.ece

How is India addressing sickle cell anaemia?

What has the Finance Minister announced with respect to eliminating sickle cell disease? Is the genetic blood disorder more common in tribal communities? Is there a cure?

This 2009 colorized microscope image from the Sickle Cell Foundation of Georgia via the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows a sickle cell, left, and normal red blood cells of a patient with sickle cell anemia.

The story so far: Sickle cell anaemia (SCA), a genetic blood disorder, found mention in the Budget this year. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said that the government will work in “mission mode” to eliminate the condition by 2047. India is the second-worst affected country in terms of predicted births with SCA — i.e. chances of being born with the condition.

In 1910, a physician named James Herrick wrote of discovering unusual red blood cells in an anaemic student from Granada, Spain. Unusual, because unlike their usual globular structure with an indented center – like a doughnut with a hole – these blood cells were shaped like a sickle, similar to the letter C. This was the first description of sickle cell anaemia in western medical literature.

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/explained-how-is-india-addressing-sickle-cell-anaemia/article66529957.ece

COVID increases diabetes risk which persisted during Omicron wave: New study

The association of COVID and diabetes has been established ever since the pandemic began. People who get infected with COVID are at a higher risk of developing diabetic conditions, several studies have found. A recent study published in the JAMA Network Open has found that even though there was an increased risk of diabetes, this risk persisted as the Omicron variant became predominant.

More than 23,000 adults were studied for the research purpose

A total of 23,709 adults who had COVID at least once were studied for the research purpose by the researchers at Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. This included 12,706 females and 10,981 males.The researchers found that the rates of new-onset diabetes,

hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and benchmark diagnoses occurring in the 90 days after COVID-19 infection were higher than those before infection.

Is there a connection with vaccination?

The study also found a connection between the risk of incidence of diabetes and the vaccination status of the individual.Vaccination is considered to be the best way to prevent the adversities of COVID infection from happening. Many countries have a three dose COVID vaccination which includes two primary doses and one booster dose and some other countries have a four dose COVID vaccination which comprises two primary doses and two booster doses.

Why is this study relevant?

The study comes amidst the general perception that the Omicron variant is the milder sub variant of the coronavirus. Considering the hospitalization rate and the demand for advanced medical facilities, it is understood that the Omicron variant is less severe than its ancestors. However, the study findings have found that COVID is still a big threat to the human body especially the major body organ systems. The study is relevant because it studied people from March 2020 to June 2022, covering a major part of the pandemic where at least three major waves of the COVID infection were seen.

How COVID affect major organ systems of the body?

Until now, studies have demonstrated that COVID has a direct impact on the cardiovascular system, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia as well.Though COVID is a respiratory disease primarily it might have a temporary or lasting damage on the heart.Myocarditis, stress cardiomyopathy are the common complications seen in patients following an infection with COVID. The reason why COVID affects other body organs is due to the presence of the ACE2 receptors which facilitate the entry of the virus into the healthy cells of other organs. The ACE2 receptor is present in many cell types including major organs like the lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract.READMORE

Even mild COVID can amplify a person’s chance of developing diabetes

Another massive study, done in 2022, had found a similar outcome on the connection between COVID and the susceptibility of an individual to diabetes.The study published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology found that COVID can increase the risk of diabetes. The study on 200,000 people showed that even a mild infection can keep the risk high for months after the infection.The study had found that for people who are already susceptible to diabetes-- those having higher body mass index-- the risk increases several times after COVID.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/coronavirus-to-mask-or-not-new-study-says-wearing-face-masks-did-not-contribute-significantly-to-control-covidspread/photostory/97973133.cms

Radiotherapy is not an option for older breast cancer patients: Research

Regardless of age, standard treatment for early breast cancer is lumpectomy, followed by radiotherapy and hormone treatment

According to new research, Radiotherapy does not increase survival chances in older people with early breast cancer.

The findings have been published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

The addition of radiotherapy alongside breast-conserving surgery and hormone therapy -- the current standard treatment -- made no difference to the death rates for patients 65 years or older, researchers say.

Radiotherapy was also found to not affect the risk of secondary tumours, known as metastases. It did, however, slightly reduce the risk of the cancer recurring, but the risk is still within the clinically acceptable range.

The 10-year study, one of the first long-term clinical trials in older breast cancer patients, suggests that radiotherapy can be safely excluded when treating over 65s for early-stage breast cancer, experts say.

Regardless of age, the standard treatment for early breast cancer is breast-conserving surgery -- sometimes called a lumpectomy - followed by radiotherapy and hormone treatment to reduce the risk of recurrence in the breast.

Patients 65 years and older represent at least 50 per cent of patients with the condition. Despite radiotherapy adding an extra burden to older patients with side effects linked with heart problems and second cancers, there have been very few clinical trials in this age group.

Researchers from University of Edinburgh and the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, conducted a randomised-clinical trial - called PRIME II - with 1,326 patients to investigate if radiotherapy is necessary in combination with a lumpectomy and hormone therapy.

The patients were 65 years of age or older with so-called 'low risk' breast cancer, which means a tumour no more than 3cm in size, not involving the lymph nodes underneath the armpit and likely to respond to hormone treatment.

All participants were prescribed breast-conserving surgery and at least five years of hormone therapy. Half of the group was randomly selected to have radiotherapy in addition for three to five weeks after surgery.

Patients were assessed at annual clinic visits and with breast scans.

The research team found that in patients treated without radiotherapy the risk of recurrence of cancer in the treated breast after 10 years was 9.5 per cent, while giving radiotherapy reduced the risk to 0.9 per cent. Despite this difference in rates, both are within the accepted range of recurrence according to current clinical guidelines.

There was no difference in overall survival between both groups and most deaths were due to causes other than breast cancer.

The work was supported by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish government and the Breast Cancer Institute NHS Endowment Fund, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh.

Professor Ian Kunkler, Professor of Clinical Oncology at the University of Edinburgh, said, "Radiotherapy can place a heavy burden on patients, particularly older ones. Our findings will help clinicians guide older patients on whether this particular aspect of early breast cancer treatment can be omitted in a shared decision-making process, which weighs up all the risks and benefits."

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/radiotherapy-is-not-an-option-for-older-breast-cancer-patients-research-480370